Towards an optimal account of diachronic chain shifts
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Abstract
This paper reanalyzes the historical change, Grimm’s law from a new per-spective, employing Dispersion Theory (Flemming 1995, 1996). To this end, I will first show that Grimm’s law can better be explained in terms of “push chain”1 and the cause of the chain shift might be the heavy markedness of the voiced aspirated stops. Due to the markedness, they changed to voiced stops, not fricatives (Iverson & Salmons 1999, 2001), resulting in a push chain: i.e., [+voice, +aspirated] > [-aspirated], [+voice] > [-voice], [-voice] > [+continuant]. Second, in addition to the consideration on markedness and ease of articulation, I argue for further consideration for chain shifts, pattern evaluation, since the changes of the single segments cannot be considered separately; they are evidently parts of one great linguistic movement, obey-ing the “no merge” principle.2 Third, in the explanation of each step of the changes, I will argue that local conjunction of constraints may take a crucial role in the selection of optimal outputs and eliminates the necessity of con-straint re-ranking. Therefore, regardless of the historical stage, we can maintain the same constraint ranking. Moreover, as the conjoined constraint indicates the apparent trigger of the whole shift, we can avoid the so-called “chicken and egg” problem (McMahon 2000b). Furthermore, we may not face the philosophical problem of Optimality Theory (Kager 1999) since the individual constraints *Asp and *Voice take their roles in the various stages, while the conjoined constraint filters out the worst candidates.
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