Polyphenolic rich extract from Perilla Frutescens promotes caspase-dependent apoptosis in melanoma cells
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This study aimed to assess the inhibitory potential of Perilla frutescens methanolic extract (PE) and its fractions towards melanoma cells as an herbal medicine. PE (100-400 μg/mL) effectively decreased the viability of the mouse and human melanoma cells (B16 and SK-MEL-2, respectively), whereas, HaCaT human keratinocytes remained un-damaged. It also induced B16 cell apoptosis, as determined by flow cytometry, Hoechst 33258 staining, and DNA fragmentation. Amongst PE fractions, ethyl acetate fraction (PEEF) displayed the most significant anticancer activity in B16 cells. It also exhibited a significant proliferation inhibitory effect on B16 cells as compared to the butanol (PEBF) and water fractions (PEWF). Furthermore, PEEF induced apoptotic cell death, through increased nuclei condensation, DNA fragmentation, and sub-G1 cell cycle arrest. PEEF-induced apoptosis was observed to be involved with the up-regulation of pro-apoptotic caspase-3, -9, Bax, and cleaved PARP, and the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein levels. The total phenolic contents of PEEF were 2.87 and 5.39 times higher than those of PEBF and PEWF. The findings demonstrated that phenolic compound-rich PEEF induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in melanoma cells, and that it could be used as an herbal medicine and functional food material.
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the inhibitory potential of Perilla frutescens methanolic extract (PE) and its fractions towards melanoma cells as an herbal medicine. PE (100-400 μg/mL) effectively decreased the viability of the mouse and human melanoma cells (B16 and SK-MEL-2, respectively), whereas, HaCaT human keratinocytes remained un-damaged. It also induced B16 cell apoptosis, as determined by flow cytometry, Hoechst 33258 staining, and DNA fragmentation. Amongst PE fractions, ethyl acetate fraction (PEEF) displayed the most significant anticancer activity in B16 cells. It also exhibited a significant proliferation inhibitory effect on B16 cells as compared to the butanol (PEBF) and water fractions (PEWF). Furthermore, PEEF induced apoptotic cell death, through increased nuclei condensation, DNA fragmentation, and sub-G1 cell cycle arrest. PEEF-induced apoptosis was observed to be involved with the up-regulation of pro-apoptotic caspase-3, -9, Bax, and cleaved PARP, and the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein levels. The total phenolic contents of PEEF were 2.87 and 5.39 times higher than those of PEBF and PEWF. The findings demonstrated that phenolic compound-rich PEEF induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in melanoma cells, and that it could be used as an herbal medicine and functional food material.
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