Seropositivity and Serointensity of Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies and DNA among Patients with Schizophrenia
1
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The aim of this cross sectional case control study was to examine the serofrequency and serointensity of Toxoplasma gondii (Tg) IgG, IgM, and DNA among patients with schizophrenia. A total of 101 patients with schizophrenia and 55 healthy controls from Sungai Buloh Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia and University Malaya Medical Center (UMMC) were included in this study. The diagnosis of schizophrenia was made based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). The presence of Tg infection was examined using both indirect (ELISA) and direct (quantitative real-time PCR) detection methods by measuring Tg IgG and IgM and DNA, respectively. The serofrequency of Tg IgG antibodies (51.5%, 52/101) and DNA (32.67%, 33/101) among patients with schizophrenia was significantly higher than IgG (18.2%, 10/55) and DNA (3.64%, 2/55) of the controls (IgG, P=0.000, OD=4.8, CI=2.2-10.5; DNA, P=0.000, OD=12.9, CI=2.17-10.51). However, the Tg IgM antibody between patients with schizophrenia and controls was not significant (P>0.005). There was no significant difference (P>0.005) in both serointensity of Tg IgG and DNA between patients with schizophrenia and controls. These findings have further demonstrated the strong association between the active Tg infection and schizophrenia.
Abstract
The aim of this cross sectional case control study was to examine the serofrequency and serointensity of Toxoplasma gondii (Tg) IgG, IgM, and DNA among patients with schizophrenia. A total of 101 patients with schizophrenia and 55 healthy controls from Sungai Buloh Hospital, Selangor, Malaysia and University Malaya Medical Center (UMMC) were included in this study. The diagnosis of schizophrenia was made based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). The presence of Tg infection was examined using both indirect (ELISA) and direct (quantitative real-time PCR) detection methods by measuring Tg IgG and IgM and DNA, respectively. The serofrequency of Tg IgG antibodies (51.5%, 52/101) and DNA (32.67%, 33/101) among patients with schizophrenia was significantly higher than IgG (18.2%, 10/55) and DNA (3.64%, 2/55) of the controls (IgG, P=0.000, OD=4.8, CI=2.2-10.5; DNA, P=0.000, OD=12.9, CI=2.17-10.51). However, the Tg IgM antibody between patients with schizophrenia and controls was not significant (P>0.005). There was no significant difference (P>0.005) in both serointensity of Tg IgG and DNA between patients with schizophrenia and controls. These findings have further demonstrated the strong association between the active Tg infection and schizophrenia.
참고문헌 (36)
- Cotter DR, "Glial cell abnormalities in major psychiatric disorders: the evidence and implications", Brain Res Bull, 55, pp.585~595 (2001)
- Fatemi SH, "Prenatal viral infection leads to pyramidal cell atrophy and macrocephaly in adulthood: implications for genesis of autism and schizophrenia", Cell Mol Neurobiol, 22, pp.25~33 (2002)
- Horacek J, "Latent toxoplasmosis reduces gray matter density in schizophrenia but not in controls: voxel-based-morphometry (VBM) study", World J Biol Psychiatry, 13, pp.501~509 (2012)
- Carruthers VB, "Effects of Toxoplasma gondii infection on the brain", Schizophrenia Bull, 33, pp.745~751 (2007)
- Prandovszky E, "The neurotrophic parasite Toxoplasma gondii increases dopamine metabolism", PLoS One, 6, pp.e23866~ (2011)
- McConkey GA, "Toxoplasma gondii infection and behaviour-location, location, location?", J Exp Biol, 216, pp.113~119 (2013)
- Creese I, "Dopamine receptor binding predicts clinical and pharmacological potencies of antischizophrenic drugs", J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, 8, pp.223~226 (1996)
- Seeman P, "Dopamine receptors and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia", Synapse, 1, pp.133~152 (1987)
- Richtand NM, "Dopamine and serotonin receptor binding and antipsychotic efficacy", Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, pp.1715~1726 (2007)
- Jones-Brando L, "Drugs used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder inhibit the replication of Toxoplasma gondii", Schizophr Res, 62, pp.237~244 (2003)
- Webster JP, "Parasites as causative agents of human affective disorders? The impact of anti-psychotic, mood-stabilizer and anti-parasite medication on Toxoplasma gondii’s ability to alter host behaviour", Proc Biol Soc, 273, pp.1023~1030 (2006)
- Stibbs HH, "Changes in brain concentrations of catecholamines and indolamines in Toxoplasma gondii infected mice", Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 79, pp.153~157 (1985)
- Petitto JM, "Modulation of behavioral and neurochemical measures of forebrain dopamine function in mice by species-specific interleukin-2", J Neuroimmunol, 73, pp.183~190 (1997)
- Gatkowska J, "Sex-dependent neurotransmitter level changes in brains of Toxoplasma gondii infected mice", Exp Parasitol, 133, pp.1~7 (2013)
- Flegr J, "How and why Toxoplasma makes us crazy", Trends Parasitol, 29, pp.156~163 (2013)
- Xiao J, "MicroRNA-132 dysregulation in Toxoplasma gondii infection has implications for dopamine signaling pathway", Neuroscience, 268, pp.128~138 (2014)
- Torrey EF, "Toxoplasma gondii and schizophrenia", Emerg Infect Dis, 9, pp.1375~1380 (2003)
- Wang T, "A potential association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and schizophrenia in mouse models", Exp Parasitol, 135, pp.497~502 (2013)
- Wang HL, "The effect of artemether on psychotic symptoms and cognitive impairment in first-episode, antipsychotic drug-naïve persons with schizophrenia seropositive to Toxoplasma gondii", J Psychiatr Res, 53, pp.119~124 (2014)
- Torrey EF, "Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis", Schizophr Bull, 33, pp.729~736 (2007)
- Ahmad D, "Serological survey of Toxoplasmagondii in schizophrenia patients referred to Psychiatric Hospital, Sari City, Iran", Trop Biomed, 27, pp.476~482 (2010)
- Tedla Y, "Serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Herpesvidae family viruses in individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: a case-control study", Ethiop Med J, 49, pp.211~220 (2011)
- Arias I, "Infectious agents associated with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis", Schizophr Res, 136, pp.128~136 (2012)
- Alvarado-Esquivel C, "Toxoplasma gondii infection and schizophrenia: a case control study in a low Toxoplasma seroprevalence Mexican population", Parasitol Int, 60, pp.151~155 (2011)
- Cetinkaya ZS, "Anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in patients with schizophrenia- preliminary findings in a Turkish sample", Schizophr Bull, 33, pp.789~791 (2007)
- Niebuhr DW, "Selected infectious agents and risk of schizophrenia among U.S. military personnel", Am J Psychiatry, 165, pp.99~106 (2008)
- Torrey EF, "Toxoplasma gondii and other risk factors for schizophrenia: an update", Schizophr Bull, 38, pp.642~647 (2012)
- Thomas HV, "Toxoplasma and Coxiella infection and psychiatric morbidity: a retrospective cohort analysis", BMC Psychiatry, 4, pp.32~ (2004)
- Xiao Y, "Seroepidemiology of human Toxoplasma gondii infection in China", BMC Infect Dis, 10, pp.4~ (2010)
- American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-4", pp.886~ (1994), American Psychiatric Press
- Yolken RH, "Toxoplasma and schizophrenia", Parasite Immunol, 31, pp.706~715 (2009)
- Hamidinejat H, "Toxoplasma gondii infection in first-episode and inpatient individuals with schizophrenia", Int J Infect Dis, 14, pp.e978~e981 (2010)
- Pearce BD, "Toxoplasma gondii exposure affects neural processing speed as measured by acoustic startle latency in schizophrenia and controls", Schizophr Res, 150, pp.258~261 (2013)
- Leweke FM, "Antibodies to infectious agents in individuals with recent onset schizophrenia", Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 254, pp.4~8 (2004)
- Tamer GS, "The schizophrenia and Toxoplasma gondii connection: infectious, immune or both?", Adv Ther, 25, pp.703~709 (2008)
- Juanah LY, "Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among schizophrenics at Hospital Kajang", Am J Infect Dis, 9, pp.11~16 (2013)