Neuroprotective Effects of Lithium Relevant to Its Therapeutic Actions
1
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
초록
Objective:Lithium has been used as a mood stabilizer for more than 50 years since its first use in the treatment of bipolar disorder. However, the mechanisms of its therapeutic actions remain unclear. Previous studies have shown neuroprotective and stress-attenuating effects of lithium which are thought to be related to its therapeutic actions. This article reviewed neuroprotective and stress-attenuating effects of lithium by searching data from previous studies. Methods:The literature on neuroprotective and stress-attenuating effects of lithium was searched using PubMed. Results:Lithium has the ability to protect neurons against a variety of insults. Lithium has been shown to prevent or attenuate the altered neural plasticity induced by stress at the molecular, structural, and behavioral levels, at least in animal studies. Neuroprotective effects of lithium have also been demonstrated in patients with bipolar disorder. The neuroprotective mechanisms of lithium include up-regulation of cytoprotective proteins, such as bcl-2, direct and indirect inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3-β, down-regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins, such as p38 and Bax, and activation of cAMP response element binding protein, with the resulting up-regulation of neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Conclusion:These neuroprotective and stress-attenuating effects may contribute to the therapeutic actions of lithium.
Abstract
Objective:Lithium has been used as a mood stabilizer for more than 50 years since its first use in the treatment of bipolar disorder. However, the mechanisms of its therapeutic actions remain unclear. Previous studies have shown neuroprotective and stress-attenuating effects of lithium which are thought to be related to its therapeutic actions. This article reviewed neuroprotective and stress-attenuating effects of lithium by searching data from previous studies. Methods:The literature on neuroprotective and stress-attenuating effects of lithium was searched using PubMed. Results:Lithium has the ability to protect neurons against a variety of insults. Lithium has been shown to prevent or attenuate the altered neural plasticity induced by stress at the molecular, structural, and behavioral levels, at least in animal studies. Neuroprotective effects of lithium have also been demonstrated in patients with bipolar disorder. The neuroprotective mechanisms of lithium include up-regulation of cytoprotective proteins, such as bcl-2, direct and indirect inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3-β, down-regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins, such as p38 and Bax, and activation of cAMP response element binding protein, with the resulting up-regulation of neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Conclusion:These neuroprotective and stress-attenuating effects may contribute to the therapeutic actions of lithium.
참고문헌 (83)
- Manji HK, "Impairments of Neuroplasticity and cellular resilience in severe mood disorders: implications for the development of novel therapeutics", Psychopharmacol Bull, 35, pp.5~49 (2001)
- Chuang DM, "The antiapoptotic actions of mood stabilizers molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potentials", Ann NY Acad Sci, 1053, pp.195~204 (2005)
- Jope RS, "Anti-bipolar therapy: mechanism of action of lithium", Mol Psychiatry, 4, pp.117~128 (1999)
- Manji HK, "Neuroplasticity and cellular resilience in mood disorders", Mol Psychiatry, 5, pp.578~593 (2000)
- Manji HK, "MAP kinases and the bcl-2 family of proteins as long-term targets for mood stabilizers", Mol Psychiatry, 7, pp.S46~S56 (2002)
- Manji HK, "Lithium at 50: have the neuroprotective effects of this unique cation been overlooked", Biol Psychiatry, 46, pp.929~940 (1999)
- Smith MA, "Stress and glucocorticoids affect the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 mRNA in the hippocampus", J Neurosci, 15, pp.1768~1777 (1995)
- McEwan BS, "Stress and hippocampal plasticity", Ann Rev Neurosci, 22, pp.105~122 (1999)
- Sapolsky RM, "Stress, glucocorticoids, and damage to the nervous system: the current state of confusion", Stress, 1, pp.1~19 (1996)
- Magarinos AM, "Chronic psychosocial stress causes apical dendritic atrophy of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in subordinate tree shrews", J Neurosci, 16, pp.3534~3540 (1996)
- Uddo M, "Memory and attention in combat related post-traumatic disorder (PTSD)", J Psychopathol Behav Assess, 15, pp.43~52 (1993)
- Vasconcellos APS, "Effect of chronic stress on spatial memory in rats is attenuated by lithium treatment", Physiol Behav, 79, pp.143~149 (2003)
- Foy MR, "Behavioral stress impairs long-term potentiation in rodent hippocampus", Behav Neural Biol, 48, pp.138~149 (1987)
- Shors TJ, "Effect of stress and long-term potentiation (LTP) on subsequent LTP and the theta burst response in the dentate gyrus", Behav Res, 666, pp.232~238 (1994)
- Kim JJ, "Behavioral stress modifies hippocampal plasticity through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 통권 : 93, pp.4750~4753 (1996)
- Machado-Vieira R, "Decreased plasma brain derived neurotrophic factor levels in unmedicated bipolar patients during manic episode", Biol Psychiatry, 61, pp.142~144 (2007)
- Cunha AB, "Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor is decreased in bipolar disorder during depressive and manic episodes", Neurosci Lett, 398, pp.215~219 (2006)
- Strakowski SM, "The functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder: a review of neuroimaging findings", Mol Psychiatry, 10, pp.105~116 (2005)
- Drevets WC, "Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders", Nature, 386, pp.824~827 (1997)
- . Drevets WC, "Neuroimaging and neuropathological studies of depression: implications for the cognitive-emotional features of mood disorders", Curr Opin Neurobiol, 11, pp.240~249 (2001)
- Moore GJ, "Lithium- induced increase in human brain grey matter", Lancet, 356, pp.1241~1242 (2000)
- Pascual T, "A protective effect of lithium on rat behaviour altered by ibotenic acid lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system", Brain Res, 695, pp.289~292 (1995)
- Nonaka S, "Chronic lithium treatment robustly protects neurons in the central nervous system against excitotoxicity by inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate receptormediated calcium influx", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 통권 : 95, pp.2642~2647 (1998)
- Chuang DM, "Neuroprotective effects of lithium in cultured cells and animal models of diseases", Bipolar Disord, 4, pp.129~136 (2002)
- Hashimoto R, "Lithium protection against glutamate excitotoxicity in rat cerebral cortical neurons: involvement of NMDA receptor inhibition possibly by decreasing NR2B tyrosine phosphorylation", J Neurochem, 80, pp.589~597 (2002)
- Hashimoto R, "Lithium-induced inhibition of Src tyrosine kinase in rat cerebral cortical neurons: a role in neuroprotection against N-methyl- D-aspartate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity", FEBS Lett, 538, pp.145~148 (2003)
- Chalecka-Franaszek E, "Lithium activates the serine", threonine kinase Akt-1 and suppresses glutamate-induced inhibition of Akt-1 activity in neurons, 1999, pp.통권 : 96, 8745~8750
- Chen RW, "Long term lithium treatment suppresses p53 and Bax expression but increases Bcl-2 expression. A prominent role in neuroprotection against excitotoxicity", J Biol Chem, 274, pp.6039~6042 (1999)
- Lu R, "Lithium attenuates p53 levels in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells", Neuroreport, 10, pp.1123~1125 (1999)
- Chen G, "The mood-stabilizing agents lithium and valproate robustly increase the levels of the neuroprotective protein bcl-2 in the CNS", J Neurochem, 72, pp.879~882 (1999)
- Shao L, "Chronic treatment with mood stabilizers lithium and valproate prevents excitotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress in rat cerebral cortical cells", Biol Psychiatry, 58, pp.879~884 (2005)
- Hashimoto R, "Lithium induces brain-derived neurotrophic factor and activates TrkB in rodent cortical neurons: an essential step for neuroprotection against glutamate excitotoxicity", Neuropharmacology, 43, pp.1173~1179 (2002)
- Shaltiel G, "Neurotrophic signaling cascades in the pathophysiology and treatment of bipolar disorder", Curr Opin Pharmacol, 7, pp.22~26 (2007)
- Kang HJ, "Calcium-dependent prevention of neuronal apoptosis by lithium ion: essential role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and phospholipase C gamma", Mol Pharmacol, 64, pp.228~234 (2003)
- Mielke K, "JNK and p38 stresskinases-degenerative effectors of signal-transduction-cascades in the nervous system", Prog Neurobiol, 61, pp.45~60 (2000)
- Nonaka S, "Lithium protects rat cerebellar granule cells against apoptosis induced by anticonvulsants, phenytoin and carbamazepine", J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 286, pp.539~547 (1998)
- Senatorov VV, "Shortterm lithium treatment promotes neuronal survival and proliferation in rat striatum infused with quinolinic acid, an excitotoxic model of Huntington’s disease", Mol Psychiatry, 9, pp.371~385 (2004)
- 이승혜, "대뇌 피질 신경세포 일차 배양에서 리튬의 FeCl2에 의한Free Radical Injury 증강 기전 연구", 대한정신약물학회지, 17(5), pp.468~474 (2006), 대한정신약물학회
- Shin JH, "Concurrent administration of Neu2000 and lithium produces marked improvement of motor neuron survival, motor function, and mortality in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis", Mol Pharmacol, 71, pp.965~975 (2007)
- Nonaka S, "Neuroprotective effects of chronic lithium on focal cerebral ischemia in rats", Neuroreport, 9, pp.2081~2084 (1998)
- Ren M, "Postinsult treatment with lithium reduces brain damage and facilitates neurological recovery in a rat ischemia", reperfusion model, 2003, pp.통권 : 100, 6210~6215
- Wei H, "Betaamyloid peptide-induced death of PC 12 cells and cerebellar granule cell neurons is inhibited by long-term lithium treatment", Eur J Pharmacol, 392, pp.117~123 (2000)
- Alvarez G, "Regulation of tau phosphorylation and protection against beta-amyloid-induced neurodegeneration by lithium. Possible implications for Alzheimer’s disease", Bipolar Disord, 4, pp.153~165 (2002)
- Phiel CJ, "Molecular targets of lithium action", Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 41, pp.78~813 (2001)
- Gould TD, "Glycogen synthase kinase-3: a target for novel bipolar disorder treatments", J Clin Psychiatry, 65, pp.10~21 (2004)
- Woodgett JR, "Molecular cloning and expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3", factor A, 1990, pp.9, 2431~2438
- Li X, "Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta, mood stabilizers, and neuroprotection", Bipolar Disord, 4, pp.137~144 (2002)
- Gould TD, "In vivo evidence in the brain for lithium inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3", Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, pp.32~38 (2004)
- Pap M, "Role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase", Akt cell survival pathway, 1998, pp.273, 19929~19932
- Bijur GN, "Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta facilitates staurosporine- and heat shock-induced apoptosis. Protection by lithium", J Biol Chem, 275, pp.7583~7590 (2000)
- Yoshida S, "Lithium inhibits stress-induced changes in tau phosphorylation in the mouth hippocampus", J Neural Transm, 113, pp.1803~1814 (2006)
- Gould TD, "AR-A014418, a selective GSK-3 inhibitor, produced antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test", Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 7, pp.387~390
- Prickaerts J, "Transgenic mice overexpressing glycogen synthase kinase 3beta: a putative model of hyperactivity and mania", J Neurosci, 26, pp.9022~9029 (2006)
- Frey BN, "Effects of lithium and valproate on amphetamine- induced oxidative stress generation in an animal model of mania", Rev Psychiatr Neurosci, 31, pp.326~332 (2006)
- Nibuya M, "Repeated stress increases catalytic TrkB mRNA in rat hippocampus", Neurosci Lett, 267, pp.81~84 (1999)
- Ueyama T, "Immobilization stress reduced the expression of neurotrophins and their receptors in the rat brain", Neurosci Res, 28, pp.103~110 (1997)
- Xu H, "Recovery of hippocampal cell proliferation and BDNF levels, both of which are reduced by repeated restraint stress, is accelerated by chronic venlafaxine", Pharmacogenomics J, 4, pp.322~331 (2004)
- Pizarro JM, "Acute social defeat reduces neurotrophin expression in brain cortical and subcortical areas in mice", Brain Res, 1025, pp.10~20 (2004)
- Rasmusson AM, "Downregulation of BDNF mRNA in the hippocampal dentate gyrus after re-exposure to cues previously associated with footshock", Neuropsychopharmacology, 27, pp.133~142 (2002)
- Duman RS, "Neural plasticity to stress and antidepressant treatment", Biol Psychiatry, 46, pp.1181~1191 (1999)
- Eriksson PS, "Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus", Nat Med, 4, pp.1313~1317 (1998)
- Greenough WT, "New neurons in old brains: learning to survive", Nat Neurosci, 2, pp.203~205 (1999)
- Gould E, "Neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult tree shrew is regulated by psychosocial stress and NMDA receptor activation", J Neurosci, 17, pp.2492~2498 (1997)
- Gould E, "Proliferation of granule cell precursors in the dentate gyrus of adult monkeys is diminished by stress", Proc Natl Acd Sci U S A, 통권 : 95, pp.3168~3171 (1998)
- Jacobsen JP, "The effect of escitalopram, desipramine, electroconvulsive seizures and lithium on brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA and protein expression in the rat brain and the correlation to 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels", Brain Re, 1024, pp.183~192 (2004)
- Fukumoto T, "Chronic lithium treatment increases the expression of brainderived neurotrophic factor in the rat brain", Psychopharmacology, 158, pp.100~106 (2001)
- Einat H, "The role of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway in mood modulation", J Neurosci, 23, pp.7311~7316 (2003)
- Chen G, "Enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis by lithium", J Neurochem, 75, pp.1729~1734 (2000)
- Son H, "Lithium enhances long-term potentiation independently of hippocampal neurogenesis in the rat dentate gyrus", J Neurochem, 85, pp.872~881 (2003)
- Miller JC, "Restraint stress influences AP-1 and CREB DNA-binding activity induced by chronic lithium treatment in the rat frontal cortex and hippocampus", Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 12, pp.1~11 (2006)
- Wood GE, "Stressinduced structural remodeling in hippocampus: prevention by lithium treatment", Proc Natl Acd Sci U S A, 101, pp.3973~3978 (2004)
- de Vasconcellos AP, "Na+,K(+)-ATPase activity is reduced in hippocampus of rats submitted to an experimental model of depression: effect of chronic lithium treatment and possible involvement in learning deficits", Neurobiol Learn Mem, 84, pp.102~110 (2005)
- Yu IT, "Chronic lithium enhances hippocampal long-term potentiation, but not neurogenesis, in the aged rat dentate gyrus", Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 303, pp.1193~1198 (2003)
- Shim SS, "Effects of sub-chronic lithium treatment on synaptic plasticity in the dentate gyrus of rat hippocampal slices", Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 31, pp.343~347 (2007)
- Lim KY, "Lithium attenuates stress-induced impairment of long-term potentiation induction", Neuroreport, 16, pp.1605~1608 (2005)
- Husum H, "Early life stress changes concentrations of neuropeptide Y and corticotropin-releasing hormone in adult rat brain. Lithium treatment modifies these changes", Neuropsychopharmacology, 27, pp.756~764 (2002)
- Gilad GM, "Brain polyamine stress response: recurrence after repetitive stressor and inhibition by lithium", J Neurochem, 67, pp.1992~1996 (1996)
- Yuan PX, "The mood stabilizer valproic acid activates mitogen-activated protein kinases and promotes neurite growth", J Biol Chem, 276, pp.31674~31683 (2001)
- Einat H, "Cellular plasticity cascade: gene-tobehavior pathways in animal models of bipolar disorder", Biol Psychiatry, 59, pp.1160~1170 (2006)
- Dluzen DE, "Age-related changes in nigrostriatal dopaminergic function are accentuated in +", - brain-derived neurotrophic factor mice, 2004, pp.128, 201~208
- Dluzen DE, "Evaluation of nigrostriatal dopaminergic function in adult +", + and +, Exp Neurol, pp.2001, 170[DOI]
- Zorner B, "Forebrain-specific trkB-receptor knockout mice: behaviorally more hyperactive than “depressive”", Biol Psychiatry, 54, pp.972~982 (2003)
- Moore GJ, "Lithium increases N-acetyl-as-partate in the human brain: in vivo evidence in support of bcl-2’s neurotrophic effects", Biol Psychiatry, 48, pp.1~8 (2000)
