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Studies on Anopheles sinensis, the vector species of vivax malaria in Korea

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Abstract

Extensive previous studies on taxonomy, behavior/bionomics and control of Anopheles sinensis arereviewed and summarized. Recent molecular identification revealed that the population of An. sinensis complexincludes An. sinensis, An. pullus, An. lesteriand at least two new species, and An. yatsushiroensisis synonmy of An.pullus. An. sinensisis the main vector specie of vivax malaria in Korea. Larvae of An. sinensisbreed in wide range ofhabitats which are naturally-made clean water, stagnant or flowing; main habitats include rice fields, ditches, streams,irrigation cannals, marshes, ponds, ground pools, etc. Their host preferences are highly zoophilic. Human blood rateis very low (0.7-1.7%); nevertheless An. sinensisreadily feeds on man when domestic animals are not found near by.They feed on hosts throughout the night from dusk to dawn with a peak period of 02:00-04:00 hours; they are slightlymore exophagic (biting outdoors); much larger numbers come into the room when light is on. Main resting places areoutdoors such as grasses, vegetable fields and rice fields. A mark-release-recapture study resulted that 37.1% wasrecaptured within 1 km, 29.4% at 1-3 km, 21.1% at 3-6 km, 10.3% at 6-9 km and 2.1% at 9-12 km distance. An.sinensis hibernate outdoors (mostly under part of dense grasses) during October-March. At the end of the hibernationperiod (March-April) they feed on cows at daytime. Until today any single measure to effectively control An. sinensispopulation has not been found. Indoor residual spray with a long-lasting insecticide can not reduce vector populationdensities, but shorten their life spans in some degree, so contributes to malaria control.

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