Assessment of Loiasis and Outcomes of Ivermectin Masstreatment in Ijebu-North, Nigeria
2
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
A total of 286 individuals from 3 selected communities (Areedi-Aje, Ipakodo/Ojokodo, and Ijebu-Igbo) of Ijebu-North, southwestern Nigeria were examined for Loa loa microfilaremia using finger prick blood smear, between December 2008 and March 2009. Rapid assessment procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA) was used to obtain information, from 187 Ijebu-Igbo residents, on adverse reactions experienced from retrospective treatments with ivermectin and history of eye worm. Only 33.9% of the respondents reported having had a history of eye worm while 33.2% had microfilaremia. The demographic factor of gender was not significant determinants of the prevalence (P>0.05) while age was significant (P<0.05). The highest prevalence of eye worm history and microfilaremia were recorded in 61-70 and 15-20 years of age categories, respectively. Ijebu-Igbo had 27.3% eye worm history, 32.1% microfilaremia, and the highest intensity of 140 microfilariae (mf)/ml. Ipakodo area had the highest eye worm history of 54.4% and the highest intensity of 420 mf/ml. Areedi-Aje had the highest occurrence of 45.2% microfilaremia and the highest intensity of 460 mf/ml. Predictably, Areedi-Aje and Ipakodo areas were high risk communities. The low intensity of L. loa infection with an insignificant (2.1%; P>0.05) adverse reactions from 187 subjects involved in the retrospective ivermectin administration confirmed that ivermectin delivery may be considered safe. The community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) programme was most probably responsible for the low prevalence and intensity.
Abstract
A total of 286 individuals from 3 selected communities (Areedi-Aje, Ipakodo/Ojokodo, and Ijebu-Igbo) of Ijebu-North, southwestern Nigeria were examined for Loa loa microfilaremia using finger prick blood smear, between December 2008 and March 2009. Rapid assessment procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA) was used to obtain information, from 187 Ijebu-Igbo residents, on adverse reactions experienced from retrospective treatments with ivermectin and history of eye worm. Only 33.9% of the respondents reported having had a history of eye worm while 33.2% had microfilaremia. The demographic factor of gender was not significant determinants of the prevalence (P>0.05) while age was significant (P<0.05). The highest prevalence of eye worm history and microfilaremia were recorded in 61-70 and 15-20 years of age categories, respectively. Ijebu-Igbo had 27.3% eye worm history, 32.1% microfilaremia, and the highest intensity of 140 microfilariae (mf)/ml. Ipakodo area had the highest eye worm history of 54.4% and the highest intensity of 420 mf/ml. Areedi-Aje had the highest occurrence of 45.2% microfilaremia and the highest intensity of 460 mf/ml. Predictably, Areedi-Aje and Ipakodo areas were high risk communities. The low intensity of L. loa infection with an insignificant (2.1%; P>0.05) adverse reactions from 187 subjects involved in the retrospective ivermectin administration confirmed that ivermectin delivery may be considered safe. The community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) programme was most probably responsible for the low prevalence and intensity.
참고문헌 (36)
- Kyari F, "Prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in Nigeria: the National Blindness and Visual Impairment Study", Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 50, pp.2033~2039 (2009)
- Ashaye AO, "Glaucoma blindness: facts, fancies and fables", 12th Faculty of Ophthalmology Lecture, National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria, pp.48~ (2010)
- The Mectizan® Expert Committee, "The Mectizan®Donation Program", Recommendations for the treatment of onchocerciasis with Mectizan® in areas co-endemic for onchocerciasis and loiasis, 2004
- Ogunba EO, "Loiasis in Ijebu division, West Nigeria", Trop Geog Med, 23, pp.194~200 (1971)
- Ogunba EO, "Ecology of human loiasis in Nigeria", Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 66, pp.743~748 (1972)
- Oyerinde JPO, "Investigation of filarial worms of man in metropolitan Lagos", Acta Trop, 45, pp.191~192 (1988)
- Agbolade OM, "Loiasis and some haematological parameters in Ijebu-North area of Ogun State, Nigeria", Bull Sci Ass Nig, 23, pp.29~32 (2000)
- Agbolade OM, "Loa loa and Mansonella perstans infections in Ijebu-North, Western Nigeria; a Parasitological Study", Jpn J Infect Dis, 54, pp.108~110 (2001)
- Agbolade OM, "Loa loa and Mansonella perstans: neglected human infections that need control in Nigeria", Afr J Biotech, 4, pp.1554~1558 (2005)
- Adeoye GO, "Prevalence of loiasis in Ondo State, Nigeria, as assessed by the rapid assessment procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA)", Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 102, pp.215~227 (2008)
- Chippaux JP, "Severe adverse reaction risk during mass treatment with ivermectin in loiasis- endemic areas", Parasitol Today, 12, pp.448~450 (1996)
- Gardon J, "Serious reactions after treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in an endemic area for Loa loa infection", Lancet, 350, pp.18~22 (1997)
- Boussinesq M, "Three probable causes of Loa loa encephalopathy following ivermectin treatment for onchocersiasis", Am J Trop Med Hyg, 58, pp.461~469 (1998)
- Kipp W, "Adverse reaction to ivermectin treatment in Simulium neavei – transmitted onchocersiasis", Am J Trop Med Hyg, 69, pp.621~623 (2003)
- "Adverse reaction following annual ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis in Nigeria", Int J Infect Dis, 7, pp.156~159 (2003)
- Report of a multi-country study: the involvement of community-directed distributors of ivermectin in other health and development activities, "World Health Organisation", ~, pp.UNDP (2003), World Bank[DOI]
- Guidelines for Rapid Assessment of Loa loa, "World Health Organization", Geneva:WHO, ~, pp.Doc TDR (2002), IDE[DOI]
- Brown BA, "Haematology: Principles and Procedures. 3rd ed. England" (1980), Lea and Febiger
- Orihel TC, "Bench Aids for the Diagnosis of Filarial Infections" (1997), Geneva World Health Organization
- Ranque S, "Decreased prevalence and intensity of Loa loa infection in a community treated with ivermectin every three months for two years", Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 90, pp.429~430 (1996)
- Hodgkin C, "The future of onchocerciasis control in Africa", PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 1, pp.74~ (2007)
- Pion SDS, "Loiasis: the individual factors associated with the presence of microfilaremia", Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 99, pp.491~500 (2005)
- Tropical Diseases Research News, "Keynote Article. Loa loa: a new rapid assessment tool", TDR News, 66, pp.1~2 (2001)
- Anosike JC, "Studies on filariasis in Bauchi State, Nigeria: the prevalence of human filariasis in Darazo local government area", Appl Parasitol, 35, pp.242~250 (1994)
- Udonsi JK, "Filariasis in Igwun River Basin, Nigeria: an epidemiological and clinical study with a note on the vectors", Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 82, pp.75~82 (1988)
- Ash LR, "Preferential susceptibility of male jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) to infection with Brugia pahangi", J Parasitol, 57, pp.777~780 (1971)
- Pion SDS, "Structure of the microfilarial reservoir of Loa loa in the human host and its implications for monitoring the programmes of community-directed treatment with ivermectin carried out in Africa", Parasitology, 129, pp.613~629 (2004)
- Garcia A, "Longitudinal survey of Loa loa filariasis in Southern Cameroon: long-term stability and factors influencing individual microfilarial status", Am J Trop Med Hyg, 52, pp.370~375 (1995)
- Pinder M, "Identification of a surface antigen on Loa loa microfilaraemic state in man", J Immunol, 141, pp.2480~2486 (1988)
- Martin-Prevel Y, "Tolerance and efficacy of single high-dose ivermectin for the treatment of loiasis", Am J Trop Med Hyg, 48, pp.186~192 (1993)
- Burnham GM, "Adverse reactions to ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis: results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in malaria", Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 87, pp.313~317 (1993)
- Duong TH, "Reduced Loa loa microfilaria count ten to twelve months after a single dose of ivermectin", Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 91, pp.592~593 (1997)
- Pinder M, "Loa loa-a neglected filaria", Parasitol Today, 4, pp.279~284 (1988)
- Wahl G, "Current knowledge on the epidemiology, diagnosis, immunology and treatment of loiasis", 46, pp.287~291 (1995)