Initial Responses of Quercus serrata Seedlings and Forest Understory to Experimental Gap Treatments
2
조회
0
다운로드
4
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Pinus thunbergii plantations in Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, are of low ecological quality, with arrested succession and a high proportion of ruderal species. To improve the quality of the habitat, we created canopy gaps (~ 42 m2) and monitored changes in abiotic (light availability, canopy openness) and biotic (survival and growth of seedlings and understory communities) variables in 2007 and 2008 in plots that had received one of five types of treatment: cutting of canopy trees and removal of the understory (CU), cutting of canopy trees only (C), girdling of canopy trees and removal of the understory (GU), girdling of canopy trees (G) or control. Each treatment was applied to three replicate plots. Abiotic variables did not significantly differ among treatments. Survival rates of target species were slightly lower in the CU, G and control conditions. Based on logistic regression analysis, the only significant growth factor affecting survival was height growth. Positive effects of seedling height and leaf area growth on survival were also detected, but did not reach statistical significance. In treatment G, gradual improvement of overstory conditions and mitigation of competition by limitation of disturbance to the understory community were likely to have promoted seedling growth. There were no significant effects of gap treatments on changes in species abundance (cover and richness) and composition of understory between the study years. This result implies that the small gaps created in our study may be below the threshold size to affect understory growth. However, the results of this study are based on a short-term investigation of only two years. Long-term research is strongly recommended to clarify the effects of gap treatment on plant communities in afforested areas.
Abstract
Pinus thunbergii plantations in Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea, are of low ecological quality, with arrested succession and a high proportion of ruderal species. To improve the quality of the habitat, we created canopy gaps (~ 42 m2) and monitored changes in abiotic (light availability, canopy openness) and biotic (survival and growth of seedlings and understory communities) variables in 2007 and 2008 in plots that had received one of five types of treatment: cutting of canopy trees and removal of the understory (CU), cutting of canopy trees only (C), girdling of canopy trees and removal of the understory (GU), girdling of canopy trees (G) or control. Each treatment was applied to three replicate plots. Abiotic variables did not significantly differ among treatments. Survival rates of target species were slightly lower in the CU, G and control conditions. Based on logistic regression analysis, the only significant growth factor affecting survival was height growth. Positive effects of seedling height and leaf area growth on survival were also detected, but did not reach statistical significance. In treatment G, gradual improvement of overstory conditions and mitigation of competition by limitation of disturbance to the understory community were likely to have promoted seedling growth. There were no significant effects of gap treatments on changes in species abundance (cover and richness) and composition of understory between the study years. This result implies that the small gaps created in our study may be below the threshold size to affect understory growth. However, the results of this study are based on a short-term investigation of only two years. Long-term research is strongly recommended to clarify the effects of gap treatment on plant communities in afforested areas.
참고문헌 (55)
- Abe H, "Factors influencing sapling composition in canopy gaps of a temperate deciduous forest", Vegetatio, 120, pp.21~32 (1995)
- Ashton PMS, "Restoration of a Sri Lankan rainforest: using Caribbean pine Pinus caribaea as a nurse for establishing late-succession tree species", J Appl Ecol, 34, pp.914~925 (1997)
- Baek MS, "An experimental study on the comparison of the establishment and growth of seedlings among three oak species", Korean J Ecol, 19, pp.125~139 (1996)
- Bazzaz FA, "Physiological ecology of tropical succession: a comparative review", Annu Rev Ecol Syst, 11, pp.287~310 (1980)
- Beon MS, "Early seedling growth of pine (Pinus densiflora) and oaks (Quercus serrata, Q. mongolica, Q. varabilis) in response to light intensity and soil moisture", Plant Ecology, 167, pp.97~105 (2003)
- Biondini ME, "Data-dependent permutation techniques for the analysis of ecological data", Plant Ecology, 75, pp.161~168 (1988)
- Busing RT, "Species diversity and small-scale disturbance in an old-growth temperate forest: a consideration of gap partitioning concepts", Oikos, 78, pp.562~568 (1997)
- Cho DS, "Disturbance regime and tree regeneration in Kwangnung Natural Forest", Korean J Ecol, 15, pp.395~410 (1992)
- 조현제, "영일사방사업지 산림식생의 구성적 특성과 천이경향", 한국임학회지, 94(6), pp.453~461 (2005), 한국임학회
- 조용찬, "아까시나무림에서 인공 숲틈 처리에 대한 졸참나무 식재목 및 하층식생의 초기 반응", 한국임학회지, 98(1), pp.94~105 (2009), 한국임학회
- Cho YC, "Restoration ecological assessment and improvement plan on a large scale afforestation practiced at the Young-il, southeastern Korea", 박사, pp.2009
- Choi YD, "Ecological restoration for future sustainability in a changing environment", Ecoscience, 15, pp.53~64 (2008)
- Choi YD, "Theories for ecological restoration in changing environment: toward futuristic restoration", Ecol Res, 19, pp.75~81 (2004)
- Chung IK, "Soil properties in bared forest land in Young-il mudstone area. In: Subjects of the Articles Presented in the Summer Conference in 1979", Jour Korea For Soc, pp.87~88 (1979)
- Clinton BD, "Light, temperature, and soil moisture response to elevation, evergreen understory, and small canopy gaps in the southern Appalachians", For Ecol Manage, 186, pp.243~255 (2003)
- Coates KD, "A gap-based approach for development of silvicultural systems to address ecosystem management objectives", For Ecol Manage, 99, pp.337~354 (1997)
- Collins BS, "Mircroenvironmental heterogeneity and Quercus michauxii regeneration in experimental gaps", Forest Ecol Mange, 155, pp.279~290 (2002)
- Collins BS, "Influence of canopy opening on the environment and herb layer in a northern hardwood forest", Vegetatio, 70, pp.3~10 (1987)
- Dietze MC, "Changing the gap dynamics paradigm: vegetative regeneration control on forest response to disturbance", Ecol Monogr, 78, pp.331~347 (2008)
- Duncan RS, "Seed dispersal and potential forest succession in abandoned agriculture in tropical Africa", Ecol Appl, 9, pp.998~1008 (1999)
- Frazer GW, "Gap light analyzer(GLA),version 2.0:imaging software to extract canopy structure and gap light transmission indices from true-colour fisheye photographs,users manual and program documentation.Simon Frazer University,Burnaby,BC,and the Institute of Ecosystem Studies,Millbrook,NY", ~ (1999)
- Gray AN, "Gap size, within-gap position and canopy structure effects on conifer seedling establishment", J Ecol, 84, pp.635~645 (1996)
- Gyeongsangbuk-do, "100 years of forest erosion control in Gyeongsangbuk- do, Korea", Deagu, Gyeongsangbuk-do, ~ (1999)
- Haugo RD, "Vegetation responses to conifer encroachment in a dry, montane meadow: a chronosequence approach", Can J Bot, 85, pp.285~298 (2007)
- Hong SC, "A study on the forest ecology in Young-il soil erosion control district", Jour Korean For Soc, 58, pp.41~47 (1982)
- Huth F, "Gap structure and establishment of silver birch regeneration (Betula pendula Roth.) in Norway spruce stands (Picea abies L. Karst.)", For Ecol Manage, 229, pp.314~324 (2006)
- Inman FM, "Using artificial canopy gaps to restore Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata) habitat in tropical timber plantations", For Ecol Manage, 243, pp.169~177 (2007)
- Jin Y, "Growth characteristics and physiological adaptation of Pinus densiflora seedlings in the canopy gap", Jour Korean For Soc, 89, pp.452~460 (2000)
- Kim JU, "A study on the distribution of Pinus thunbergii in the Korean Peninsula", Korean J Ecol, 6, pp.45~54 (1983)
- Kim JW, "Classification and Assessment of Plant Communities" (2006), Worldscience
- 김선희, "해안림의 곰솔이 아까시나무에 미치는 Allelopathy 효과", 한국임학회지, 91(3), pp.362~371 (2002), 한국임학회
- "Korean Plant Names Index" (2003)[URL]
- Korea National Arboretum, "Illustrated Grasses of Korea", Korea National Arboretum, ~ (2004)
- Kruskal JB, "Nonmetric multidimensional scaling: a numerical method", Psychometrika, 29, pp.115~129 (1964)
- Lee TB, "Illustrated Flora of Korea" (1999), Hyangmoonsa
- Masaki T, "Community structure of a species-rich temperate forest, Ogawa Forest Reserve, central Japan", Vegetatio, 98, pp.97~111 (1992)
- Matsuda K, "Survival and growth of konara oak (Quercus serrata Thunb.) Seedlings in an abandoned coppice forest", Ecol Res, 4, pp.309~321 (1989)
- McCune B, "Analysis of Ecological Communities", MjM Software Design, ~ (2002)
- McCune B, "PC-ORD. Version 4.0. Multivariate analysis of ecological data", MjM Software Design, ~ (1999)
- Moore MR, "Responses of the herb layer to the gap dynamics of mature beech-maple forest", Am Midl Nat, 115, pp.336~347 (1986)
- Murai H, "The Coastal Forest in Japan" (1992), Soft Science Inc
- Park SH, "Colored Illustrations of Naturalized Plants of Korea" (1995), Ilchokak
- Putz FE, "Treefall pits and mounds, buried seeds, and the importance of disturbed soil to pioneer trees on Barro Colorado Island, Panama", Ecology, 64, pp.1069~1074 (1983)
- Runkle JR, "Gap phase dynamics in climax mesic forests", 박사, pp.1979
- Runkle JR, "Gap regeneration in some old-growth forest of the eastern North America", Ecology, 63, pp.1533~1546 (1981)
- Runkle JR, "Disturbance regimes in temperate forest. In: The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics", pp.17~33 (1985), Academic Press
- Runkle JR, "Guidelines and Sample Protocol for Sampling Forest Gaps", USDA Forest Service PNW-GTR-283, ~ (1992)
- Schaetzl RJ, "Tree uprooting: review of impacts on forest ecology", Vegetatio, 79, pp.165~176 (1989)
- Underwood AJ, "Experiments in Ecology" (1997), Cambridge University Press
- van der Maarel E, "Vegetation dynamics: patterns in time and space", Vegetatio, 77, pp.7~19 (1988)
- van der Meer PJ, "Effect of gap size on seedling establishment, growth and survival at three years in mountain ash forest in Victoria, Australia", For Ecol Manage, 117, pp.33~42 (1999)
- Watt AS, "Pattern and process in the plant community", J Ecol, 35, pp.1~22 (1947)
- Wayne PM, "Birch seedling response to daily time course of light in experimental forest gaps and shadehouses", Ecology, 74, pp.1500~1511 (1993)
- York RA, "Edge effects in mixed conifer group selection openings: tree height response to resource gradients", For Ecol Manage, 179, pp.107~121 (2003)
- Zhu J, "Effect of gap size created by thinning on seedling emergency, survival and establishment in a coastal pine forest", For Ecol Manage, 182, pp.339~354 (2003)
