Seasonal effectiveness of a Korean traditional deciduous windbreak in reducing wind speed
2
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Little is known about how the increased porosity of a deciduous windbreak, which results from loss of leaves, influences wind speed reduction. We hypothesized that, with loss of foliage, the wind speed reduction effectiveness of a deciduous windbreak decreases on near leeward side but not on further leeward side and that wind speed recovers faster in the full foliage season than in other seasons. During summer, autumn, and winter (full, medium, and non- foliage season, respectively), we observed wind speed and direction around a deciduous windbreak in a traditional Korean village on windward and near and further leeward sides (at –8H, 2H, and 6H; H = 20 m, a windbreak height). We used a linear mixed effects model to determine that the relative wind speed reduction at 2H significantly decreased from 83% to 48% (F2,111.97 = 73.6, P < 0.0001) with the loss of foliage. However, the relative wind speed reduction at 6H significantly increased from 26% to 43% (F2,98.54 = 18.5, P < 0.0001). Consequently, wind speed recovery rate between 2H and 6H in summer was two times higher than in autumn and ten times higher than in winter (F2,102.93 = 223.1, P < 0.0001). These results indicate that deciduous windbreaks with full foliage seem to induce large turbulence and increase wind speed recovery rate on leeward side. Our study suggests that further research is needed to find the optimal foliage density of a deciduous windbreak for maximizing windbreak effectiveness regardless of seasonal foliage changes.
Abstract
Little is known about how the increased porosity of a deciduous windbreak, which results from loss of leaves, influences wind speed reduction. We hypothesized that, with loss of foliage, the wind speed reduction effectiveness of a deciduous windbreak decreases on near leeward side but not on further leeward side and that wind speed recovers faster in the full foliage season than in other seasons. During summer, autumn, and winter (full, medium, and non- foliage season, respectively), we observed wind speed and direction around a deciduous windbreak in a traditional Korean village on windward and near and further leeward sides (at –8H, 2H, and 6H; H = 20 m, a windbreak height). We used a linear mixed effects model to determine that the relative wind speed reduction at 2H significantly decreased from 83% to 48% (F2,111.97 = 73.6, P < 0.0001) with the loss of foliage. However, the relative wind speed reduction at 6H significantly increased from 26% to 43% (F2,98.54 = 18.5, P < 0.0001). Consequently, wind speed recovery rate between 2H and 6H in summer was two times higher than in autumn and ten times higher than in winter (F2,102.93 = 223.1, P < 0.0001). These results indicate that deciduous windbreaks with full foliage seem to induce large turbulence and increase wind speed recovery rate on leeward side. Our study suggests that further research is needed to find the optimal foliage density of a deciduous windbreak for maximizing windbreak effectiveness regardless of seasonal foliage changes.
참고문헌 (31)
- Bitog JP, "Numerical simulation study of a tree windbreak", Biosyst Eng, 111, pp.40~48 (2012)
- Brandle JR, "Windbreaks in north american agricultural systems", Agroforest Syst, 61, pp.65~78 (2004)
- Canellas I, "The influence of cork oak pruning on the yield and growth of cork", Ann for Sci, 59, pp.753~760 (2002)
- 최재웅, "의성 사촌리 가로숲의 현황 및 천연기념물 명칭에 관한 고찰", 한국전통조경학회지, 29(3), pp.52~60 (2011), 한국전통조경학회
- Cleugh HA, "Effects of windbreaks on airflow, microclimates and crop yields", Agroforest Syst, 41, pp.55~84 (1998)
- Fewin RJ, "Windbreak renovation in the american great plains", Agr Ecosyst Environ, 22-23, pp.571~582 (1988)
- Finch SJ., "Field windbreaks - design criteria", Agr Ecosyst Environ, 22-23, pp.215~228 (1988)
- Foereid B, "Effects of windbreak strips of willow coppice-modelling and field experiment on barley in denmark", Agr Ecosyst Environ, 93, pp.25~32 (2002)
- Hagen LJ, "Simulation of effect of wind barriers on airflow", Trans ASAE, 24, pp.1002~1008 (1981)
- Heisler GM, "Effects of windbreak structure on wind flow", Agr Ecosyst Environ, 22-23, pp.41~69 (1988)
- Koh I, "Effects of bibosoop plantation on wind speed, humidity, and evaporation in a traditional agricultural landscape of korea: Field measurements and modeling", Agr Ecosyst Environ, 135, pp.294~303 (2010)
- Leal AI, "Does canopy pruning affect foliage-gleaning birds in managed cork oak woodlands?", Agroforest Syst, 87, pp.355~363 (2013)
- Lee D, "Ecosystem services of traditional village groves in korea" (2007), Seoul National University
- Lin XJ, "Influence of windbreaks on livestock odour dispersion plume in the field", Agr Ecosyst Environ, 116, pp.263~272 (2006)
- Littell RC, "SAS system for mixed models" (1996), SAS Institute Inc
- Loeffler AE, "Optical porosity and windspeed reduction by coniferous windbreaks in southern ontario", Agroforest Syst, 17, pp.119~133 (1992)
- McNaughton KG., "Effects of windbreaks on turbulent transport and microclimate", Agr Ecosyst Environ, 22-23, pp.17~39 (1988)
- Mika A., "Horticultural reviews", pp.337~378 (1986), John Wiley & Sons Inc
- 박찬열, "Bibosoop: A Unique Korean Biotope for Cavity nesting Birds", Journal of Ecology and Environment, 29(2), pp.75~84 (2006), 한국생태학회
- Skidmore EL, "Evaporation in sheltered areas as influenced by windbreak porosity", Agr Meteorol, 7, pp.363~374 (1970)
- Středová H, "Aerodynamic parameters of windbreak based on its optical porosity", Contrib Geophysics Geodesy, 42, pp.213~226 (2012)
- Sudmeyer RA, "Influence of windbreak orientation, shade and rainfall interception on wheat and lupin growth in the absence of below-ground competition", Agroforest Syst, 71, pp.201~214 (2007)
- Tuskan GA, "Windbreak species performance and management-practices as reported by montana and north-dakota landowners", J Soil Water Conserv, 46, pp.225~228 (1991)
- Vigiak O, "Spatial modeling of wind speed around windbreaks", Catena, 52, pp.273~288 (2003)
- Vollsinger S, "Wind tunnel measurements of crown streamlining and drag relationships for several hardwood species", Can J Forest Res, 35, pp.1238~1249 (2005)
- Wang H, "On three-dimensionality of shelterbelt structure and its influences on shelter effects", Bound-Layer Meteorol, 79, pp.83~105 (1996)
- Wu T, "Effects of stand structure on wind speed reduction in a Metasequoia glyptostroboides shelterbelt", Agroforest Syst, 87, pp.251~257 (2013)
- Zhang H, "A model to evaluate windbreak protection efficiency", Agroforest Syst, 29, pp.191~200 (1995)
- Zhang H, "The relationship between open windspeed and windspeed reduction in shelter", Agroforest Syst, 32, pp.297~311 (1995)
- Zhou XH, "Three-dimensional aerodynamic structure of a tree shelterbelt : Definition, characterization and working models", Agroforest Syst, 63, pp.133~147 (2004)
- Zhu JJ, "Optical stratification porosity as a measure of vertical canopy structure in a Japanese coastal forest", For Ecol Manage, 173, pp.89~104 (2003)