Rethink the interlink between land degradation and livelihood of rural communities in Chilga district, Northwest Ethiopia
2
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Background: Ethiopia is among the poorest countries where land degradation caused livelihood problem to its inhabitants. The livelihood of rural communities in Ethiopia is seriously threatened by land degradation. Land is the major natural resource that economic, social, infrastructure, and other human activities are undertaken on. Thus, land resources play an important role in shaping rural livelihoods, and lack of sustainable land management practices leads to land degradation. Thus, this study aimed to analyze interlink between land degradation and livelihood of rural communities in Chilga district, Northwest Ethiopia. It also addresses the factors which influence income diversification for livelihood of households in the study area. Result: The result depicts that the major causes of land degradation are both natural and anthropogenic. Land degradation and livelihood are negatively interlinked with each other. The livelihood of the majority of the population in the study area is dependent on subsistence agriculture both farming and animal husbandry with low diversification. The survey result showed that more than half (69%) of the sample households have farm size of less than 2 ha, nearly one third (31%) have 2.0–2.5 ha, and insignificant number of farmers have more than 2.5 ha. More than 80% of the respondents pointed out that land degradation has impacts both on crop yield and livestock production. Most of the explanatory variables such as gender, age, education level, farmland size, and family size have statistical significant influence (at P < .01 and P < .05 levels) for income diversification of households, while marital status on the other hand is not statistically significant though it has positive relation with income diversification in this study. Conclusions: Our results suggest awareness should be created in the community about the livelihood diversification mechanisms which enabled them to engage in different income-generating activities and comprehensive watershed management should be implemented.
Abstract
Background: Ethiopia is among the poorest countries where land degradation caused livelihood problem to its inhabitants. The livelihood of rural communities in Ethiopia is seriously threatened by land degradation. Land is the major natural resource that economic, social, infrastructure, and other human activities are undertaken on. Thus, land resources play an important role in shaping rural livelihoods, and lack of sustainable land management practices leads to land degradation. Thus, this study aimed to analyze interlink between land degradation and livelihood of rural communities in Chilga district, Northwest Ethiopia. It also addresses the factors which influence income diversification for livelihood of households in the study area. Result: The result depicts that the major causes of land degradation are both natural and anthropogenic. Land degradation and livelihood are negatively interlinked with each other. The livelihood of the majority of the population in the study area is dependent on subsistence agriculture both farming and animal husbandry with low diversification. The survey result showed that more than half (69%) of the sample households have farm size of less than 2 ha, nearly one third (31%) have 2.0–2.5 ha, and insignificant number of farmers have more than 2.5 ha. More than 80% of the respondents pointed out that land degradation has impacts both on crop yield and livestock production. Most of the explanatory variables such as gender, age, education level, farmland size, and family size have statistical significant influence (at P < .01 and P < .05 levels) for income diversification of households, while marital status on the other hand is not statistically significant though it has positive relation with income diversification in this study. Conclusions: Our results suggest awareness should be created in the community about the livelihood diversification mechanisms which enabled them to engage in different income-generating activities and comprehensive watershed management should be implemented.
참고문헌 (58)
- Caring for the land best practices in soil and water conservation in Beressa watershed highlands of Ethiopia, "Amsalu, A", Wageninger University, ~, pp.Tropical resource management paper; No.76 (2006) (2006)
- Amsalu A, "Farmers’ views of soil erosion problems and their conservation knowledge at Beressa watershed, central highlands of Ethiopia", Agric Hum Values, 23(1), pp.99~108 (2006)
- Amsalu A, "Determinants of adoption and continued use of stone terraces for soil and water conservation in an Ethiopian highland watershed", Ecol Econ, 61(2-3), pp.294~302 (2007)
- Amsalu A, "Long-term dynamics in land resource use and the driving forces in the Beressa watershed, highlands of Ethiopia", J Environ Manag, 83(4), pp.448~459 (2007)
- Barbier EB, "Does land degradation increase poverty in developing countries?", PLoS One, 11(5), pp.e0152973~ (2016)
- Land degradation in Ethiopia: its extent and impact, "Berry, L", GM, WB support, ~ (2003)
- Land degradation in Ethiopia: its extent and impact, "Berry, L", Global Mechanism, World Bank, ~ (2009)
- Land degradation and farmers’ acceptance and adoption of conservation technologies in the Digil water shade, northwestern highlands of Ethiopia, "Bewket W", OSSREA, ~, pp.OSSREA, social science research report series no 29 (2003)
- Nature and causes of land degradation in the Oromiya region, "Bizuayehu T", International Livestock Research Institute, ~, pp.socio- economic and policy research working paper 36 (2002)
- Land degradation and rehabilitation in Ethiopia: a reassessment, "Bojö J", World Bank, ~, pp.AFTES Working Paper, No. 17 (1995)
- CSA, "Statistical abstract", ~ (2016)
- CSA, "Statistical abstract", ~ (2017)
- Chilga district annual report, "CWAO", ~ (2015)
- Darkoh M, "Land degradation and soil conservation in eastern and southern Africa a research agenda", Desertification Control Bull, 22, pp.60~68 (1993)
- "Framework introduction. Sustainale livelihoods guidance sheets" (2000)[URL]
- Duraiappah AK, "Poverty and environmental degradation: a review and analysis of the nexus", World Dev, 26(12), pp.2169~2179 (1998)
- Ellis F, "The determinants of rural livelihood diversification in developing countries", J Agric Econ, 51(2), pp.289~302 (2000)
- Ellis F, "Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries" (2000), Oxford university press
- Ellis F, "The determinants of rural livelihood diversification in developing countries", J Agric Econ, 51(2), pp.289~302 (2000)
- The conservation strategy of Ethiopia, volume I. The resource base, its utilization and planning for sustainability, "EPA", EPA, ~ (1997)
- National assessment on environmental roles of agriculture in Ethiopia, "Eyasu", ~ (2003)
- Highlands reclamation study. Final report, volume I and II. Food and agricultural organization, "FAO", ~ (1986)
- Gashaw T, "Land degradation in Ethiopia: causes, impacts and rehabilitation techniques", J Environ Earth Sci, 4, pp.9~ (2014)
- Gebreselassie S, "Economics of land degradation and improvement–a global assessment for sustainable development", pp.401~430 (2016), Springer
- Gedion A, "Assessment of the environmental policy of Ethiopia", Environment and Development in Ethiopia proceedings of the symposium of the forum for social studies Addis Ababa (2001), forum for social studies
- GENANEW Bekele Worku, "Investments in Land Conservation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A Household Plot-level Analysis of the Roles of Poverty, Tenure Security, and Market Incentives", International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(6) (2012), Canadian Center of Science and Education[DOI]
- Gessese BH, "Impact of land use", land cover change on rural communities’livelihood of Ethiopia, 2018, pp.6, 1~
- Hammad AA, "Land degradation: socioeconomic and environmental causes and consequences in the eastern Mediterranean", Land Degrad Dev, 2, pp.216~226 (2012)
- Holden S, "Land degradation, drought and food security in a lessfavoured area in the Ethiopian highlands: a bio-economic model with market imperfections", Agric Econ, 30(1), pp.31~49 (2004)
- Hurni H, "African mountains and highlands:problems and prospective", pp.51~63 (1990), walsworth press, African Mountains Association
- Hurni H, "Land degradation, famine and land resource scenarios in Ethiopia" (1993), Cambridge university press
- Kothari CR, "Research methodology" (2004), University of Rajasthan
- Lestrelin G, "Upland development policy, livelihood change and land degradation: interactions from a Laotian village", Land Degrad Dev, 18, pp.55~76 (2007)
- Limeneh M, "Effects of land use change on soil quality and native flora degradation and restoration in the highlands of Ethiopia: implication for sustainable land management", Ph.D, pp.2004
- Low, P.S, "Economic and social impacts of desertification, land degradation and drought", UNCCD 2nd Scientific Conference (2013), UNCCD
- Maser C, "Social-environmental planning: the design interface between every forest and every city" (2011), CRC Press, Taylor, and Francis Group
- MoARD, "Thematic papers on land degradation in Ethiopia" (2007), World Bank Publication
- Ethiopia’s agricultural sector: policy and investment framework (PIF)2010-2020, "MoARD", ~ (2010)
- Dynamics of growth and poverty in Ethiopia (1995, "96-2004", 05), pp.2008, ~
- VanVelthuizen H. Global land degradation information system (GLADIS). Beta Version. An information database for land degradation assessment at global level, Land degradation assessment in dry lands technical report, "Nachtergaele F", FAO, ~, pp.no. 17 (2010)
- National meteorological report, "NMA", ~ (2015)
- Nwokoro CV, "Impact of environmental degradation on agricultural production and poverty in rural Nigeria", Am Int J Contemp Res, 7, pp.2~ (2017)
- Peprah K, "Poverty and land degradation nexus: the case of Asunafo, Ghana", Int J Sci Res, 3(4), pp.483~489 (2014)
- Pricope NG, "The climatepopulation nexus in the East African Horn: emerging degradation trends in rangeland and pastoral livelihood zones", Glob Environ Chang, 23, pp.1525~1541 (2013)
- Reddy VR, "Land degradation in India: extent, cost and determinants", Econ Polit Econ, 38, pp.44~ (2003)
- Shiferaw B, "Resource degradation and adoption of land conservation technologies in the Ethiopian Highlands: A case study in Andit Tid, North Shewa", Agric Econ, (18), pp.233~247 (1998)
- Sivakumar MVK, "Climate and land degradation" (2007), Springer-Verlag
- Soini, E, "Livelihood, land use and environment interactions in the highlands of East Africa", PhD, pp.2006
- Sonneveld BG, "Land under pressure: The impact of water erosion on food production in Ethiopia", PhD, pp.2002
- Tengberg A, "Climate and land degradation", pp.267~283 (2007), Springer
- "Increasing finance for sustainable land management. The global mechanism of the UNCCD—Via Paolo di Dono 44—00142 Rome" (2007)[URL]
- Tilahun A, "Opportunities and challenges in reversing land degradation: The regional experience", Proceedings of a conference on: natural resources degradation and environmental concerns in the Amhara national regional state, Ethiopia impact on food security, pp.173~183 (2002), ESSS
- Wagayehu B, "Economics of soil and water conservation: Theory and empirical application to subsistence farming in the eastern Ethiopian highlands", PH.D., pp.2003
- Linking land quality, agricultural productivity, and food security, "Wiebe K", Economic Research Service, ~, pp.AER-823: USDA (2002)
- World development report 2008: agriculture for development, "World Bank", World Bank, ~ (2007)
- World Food Program, "Ethiopia country program", World Food Program, ~ (2005)
- Zeleke G, "Landscape dynamics and soil erosion process modeling in the Northwestern Ethiopian highlands", Ph.D., pp.2000
- A study on mountain externalities in Ethiopia. Final report, FAO Sustainable Agriculture and Sustainable Development, Mountain Policy Project, "Zeleke G", FAO, ~ (2010)