Are the conservation areas sufficient to conserve endangered plant species in Korea?
0
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Understanding the factors relevant to endangerment and the patterns of habitat locations in relation to protected areas is critically important for the conservation of rare species. Although 64 plant species have recently been listed as endangered species in Korea, this information has, until now, not been available, making appropriate management and conservation strategies impossible to devise. Thus, we collected information on potentially threatening factors, as well as information on the locations in which these species were observed. The potentially threatening factors were classified into seven categories. National parks, provincial parks, ecosystem conservation areas, and wetland conservation areas were defined as protected conservation areas. Korean digital elevation model data, along with the maps of all protected areas were combined with the maps of endangered plant species, and analyzed via Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Excluding the category of “small population”, endangered plant species in Korea were associated more frequently with extrinsic factors than intrinsic factors. Considering land surface only, all conservation areas in Korea totaled 4.9% of the land, far lower than International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)’s 10% coverage target. At the species level, 69% of the endangered plant species were detected in conservation areas, mostly in national parks. However, this result demonstrates that 31% of endangered species inhabit areas outside the conservation zones. Furthermore, at the habitat level, a large proportion of endangered species were found to reside in unprotected areas, revealing “gaps” in protected land. In the face of rapid environmental changes such as population increases, urbanization,and climate changes, converting these gap areas to endangered species’ habitats, or at least including them in habitat networks, will help to perpetuate the existence of endangered species.
Abstract
Understanding the factors relevant to endangerment and the patterns of habitat locations in relation to protected areas is critically important for the conservation of rare species. Although 64 plant species have recently been listed as endangered species in Korea, this information has, until now, not been available, making appropriate management and conservation strategies impossible to devise. Thus, we collected information on potentially threatening factors, as well as information on the locations in which these species were observed. The potentially threatening factors were classified into seven categories. National parks, provincial parks, ecosystem conservation areas, and wetland conservation areas were defined as protected conservation areas. Korean digital elevation model data, along with the maps of all protected areas were combined with the maps of endangered plant species, and analyzed via Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Excluding the category of “small population”, endangered plant species in Korea were associated more frequently with extrinsic factors than intrinsic factors. Considering land surface only, all conservation areas in Korea totaled 4.9% of the land, far lower than International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)’s 10% coverage target. At the species level, 69% of the endangered plant species were detected in conservation areas, mostly in national parks. However, this result demonstrates that 31% of endangered species inhabit areas outside the conservation zones. Furthermore, at the habitat level, a large proportion of endangered species were found to reside in unprotected areas, revealing “gaps” in protected land. In the face of rapid environmental changes such as population increases, urbanization,and climate changes, converting these gap areas to endangered species’ habitats, or at least including them in habitat networks, will help to perpetuate the existence of endangered species.
참고문헌 (43)
- Bang SW, "Development of Red List Categories and Criteria for the Protection of Endangered Species in Korea", pp.332~ (2005), Korea Environment Institute
- Chang CS, "Prediction of forest land decrease and preservation planning: a case of the surrounding areas of Seoul", J For Econ R, 5, pp.1~12 (1997)
- 장진성, "IUCN 적색목록 기준에 의한 환경부 멸종위기 야생동식물종에 대한 평가", 한국생태학회지, 28(5), pp.305~320 (2005), 한국생태학회
- Choi SW, "Study on the ecological influences on the butterfly fauna of islands in Korea: roles of island area, isolation, latitude and maximum elevation", Korean J Environ Biol, 18, pp.237~246 (2000)
- 鄭載珉, "우리나라 無人島嶼의 地理的 環境과 植物의 分布 pattern 사이의 相？性 分析", 한국생태학회지, 25(5), pp.341~348 (2002), 한국생태학회
- Czech B, "Economic associations among causes of species endangerment in the United States", BioScience, 50, pp.593~601 (2000)
- "Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, Australian Government"[URL]
- Info User’s Guide. Ver. 9.0, "Arc", pp.2004, Environmental Systems Research Institute
- "Baekdudaegan is cut off by the roads every 8.3 km"[URL]
- Groom MJ, "Threats to biodiversity. In: Principles of Conservation Biology", pp.63~109 (2005), Sinauer Associates
- Hyun JO, "Categorization of the threatened plant species in Korea", 박사, pp.2002
- Parks for Life: Report of the 4th World Conference on Natural Parks and Protected Areas, "IUCN", IUCN, ~ (1993)
- "News release: new study shows over one fifth of the world’s plants are under threat of extinction"[URL]
- "The IUCN Red List of threatened species: classification schemes"[URL]
- Kang H, "Effects of successional status, habit, sexual systems, and pollinators of flowering patterns in tropical rain forest trees", Am J Bot, (90), pp.865~876 (2003)
- 강혜순, "제주 생물권보전지역 내 한라산국립공원의 경관분석:단편화 현상", 한국환경생태학회지, 22(3), pp.309~319 (2008), 한국환경생태학회
- Kang U, "Genetic structure and conservation considerations of rare endemic Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai (Oleaceae) in Korea", J Plant Res, 113, pp.127~138 (2000)
- Kim YS, "The necessity of evaluation criteria selections for Korean rare and endangered plant species", Korean J Environ Ecol, 8, pp.1~10 (1994)
- Kim YS, "Reconsideration of rare and endangered plant species in Korea based on the IUCN Red List categories", Korean J Plant Taxon, 31, pp.107~142 (2001)
- "Korean Plant Names Index"[URL]
- Mawdsley JR, "A review of climate-change adaptation strategies for wildlife management and biodiversity conservation", Conserv Biol, 23, pp.1080~1089 (2009)
- Ministry of Environment, "Paper on the Environment" (2003), Ministry of Environment of Korea
- Ministry of Environment, "Endemic Species of Korea" (2005), Ministry of Environment of Korea
- "Satellite images"[URL]
- "Wild fauna and flora of Korea: the biotic resources distribution map"[URL]
- Ministry of Environment, "White Paper on the Environment" (2006), Ministry of Environment of Korea
- Ministry of Environment, "Paper on the Environment" (2007), Ministry of Environment of Korea
- Ministry of Environment, "Paper on the Environment" (2008), Ministry of Environment of Korea
- "National Geographic Information Institute"[URL]
- "Endangered species"[URL]
- Noss RF, "Priorities for improving the scientific foundation of conservation policy in North America", Conserv Biol, 23, pp.825~833 (2009)
- Possingham HP, "Protected areas: goals, limitations, and design. In: Principles of Conservation Biology", pp.509~551 (2005), Sinauer Associates
- Primack RB, "Essentials of Conservation Biology" (1993), Sinauer Associates
- 노백호, "Species richness related to landscape characteristics of uninhabited islands in Korea", 한국생태학회지, 33(2), pp.105~114 (2010), 한국생태학회
- Rodrigues ASL, "How large do reserve networks need to be?", Ecol Lett, 4, pp.602~609 (2001)
- 소순구, "멸종위기종인 섬시호(Bupleurum latissimum, 산형과)의 수분기작", 식물분류학회지, 38(1), pp.43~50 (2008), 한국식물분류학회
- Turner IM, "The conservation value of small, isolated fragments of lowland tropical rain forest", Trends Ecol Evol, 11, pp.330~333 (1996)
- "Convention on biological diversity: the global strategy for plant conservation"[URL]
- Vellak A, "Past and present effectiveness of protected areas for conservation of naturally and anthropogenically rare plant species", Conserv Biol, 23, pp.750~757 (2009)
- Vitousek PM, "Human domination of Earth’s ecosystems", Science, 277, pp.494~499 (1997)
- Wilcove DS, "Quantifying threats to imperiled species in the United States", BioScience, 48, pp.607~615 (1998)
- Wilson KA, "Conserving biodiversity efficiently: what to do, where, and when?", PLoS Biol, 5, pp.e223~ (2007)
- Yu TY, "Studies on dimorphism and heterostyly-incompatability of Abeliophyllum distichum", Seoul Nat Univ J Agric Sci, 1, pp.113~120 (1976)