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다차원척도의 총화값 도출 방법의 비교와 평가

An Evaluation of Four Methods of Constructing a Multidimensional Scale Score

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키워드

주제분류경영학

초록

사회과학의 많은 개념들은 다차원성(multidimensionality)을 전제로 정의된다. 다차원개념을 측정하는 척도는 다차원이기 마련이다. 다른 변수들의 관계를 추정하려면 이 측정값을 하나의 숫자로 요약해야만 한다. 다차원척도의 측정값을 하나의 다차원개념의 측정값으로 변환하는 다양한 방법이 제시되어 있다. 적용하는 방법에 따라 해당변수와 다른 변수의 관계에 대한 추정치가 서로 달라진다는 문제가 이미 실증적으로 확인되었다. 이 연구에서는 기존연구들이 추천하고 있는 다차원척도의 항목묶음 방식인 도메인중심 항목묶음, 하위차원중심 항목묶음, 단일차원을 가정한 탐색적 요인분석에서 첫 번째 요인의 적재량이 큰 항목의 점수만을 합산하는 방법, 그리고 추상화의 단계를 반영하는 2차요인모형을 사용한 구조방정식모형의 적용 등 네 가지 방법을 이용한 구조계수 추정값들 사이의 차이를 확인하였다. 가상의 자료가 아니라 다차원개념이라는 이론적 근거가 잘 확립되어 있고, 다차원성을 반영하여 개발되고 그 품질이 평가된 시장지향성척도를 활용하여 분석했다. 그 결과 네 가지 방법은 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 가진 구조계수 추정치를 도출하였다. 다차원개념의 도메인을 구성하는 하위차원들은 고유분산을 가지는 것이 논리적으로 타당하다. 반영지표(reflective measures)를 사용한 척도의 경우에도 항목묶음을 통해 공통분산이 증가하고 고유분산이 감소하는 개념타당성의 문제가 발생할 수 있음을 확인했다. 형성지표(formative measures)의 경우에만 척도항목의 제외나 추가에 따라 개념타당성이 달라진다는 기존의 학설에 대한 반론을 제기하고 실증하였다.

Abstract

If a latent construct is multidimensional and properly measured with a multidimensional scale, we either transform the item responses on the scale into one number by using an appropriate parceling method or apply the structural equation modeling(SEM) method with an appropriate measurement model specification. It is well known that different methods produce quite different estimates for structural coefficients in a full model. How can we tell the best method?To answer it, we apply three parceling methods and the SEM with a second-order factor model to two sets of empirical data, obtained with MKTOR and MARKOR scales of market orientation. The multidimensionality of the scales has been well established both theoretically and empirically. This study shows that the four methods estimate the relationship between firms’ market orientation and performance differently from one another. We cannot tell which one gives the least biased estimate, because all of the four methods produce poor model fits, the only criterion extant research provides. We recommend the SEM method with a second-order factor model because it is well grounded on the domain sampling theory. If we fail to remove the facet specificity from a multidimensional scale, it would provide invalid empirical meaning for the construct it is supposed to measure and result in biased structural coefficient estimates.

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