Acquisition of English Sentence Stress by Korean EFL Learners
2
조회
0
다운로드
6
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This paper investigates the acquisition of English stress in the production of English texts by adult Korean EFL learners. The data was collected from 63 speakers (55 Korean speakers at an intermediate level and eight native speakers of American English) and 14,336 tokens were measured and analyzed with regard to differences between the stressed vowels and the unstressed ones in terms of the acoustic features: F0, intensity, and duration. In general, the patterns of stressed and unstressed vowels produced by the Korean speakers were similar to the patterns of the native speakers, even though ratios differed. Among the three acoustic features, the learners depended more on duration and intensity than on F0 in manifesting stressed and unstressed vowels. While F0 is expected to be higher for stressed and lower for unstressed, the average F0 of unstressed vowels was even higher than stressed vowels for the American group. As for duration and intensity, both Korean and American speakers showed a significant difference between stressed and unstressed vowels. However, the duration ratio between stressed and unstressed vowels for American male speakers was significantly higher than for the Korean male speakers, whereas there was no significant ratio difference between the female groups. It appeared that there was a significant intensity ratio difference between the American and Korean speakers. This study also attempted to uncover the degree of the reduction of function words. Native speakers seem to reduce all the function words to a relatively similar degree. In contrast, Korean speakers treated individual function words more differently in reduction. This study provides evidence for some of the controversial findings of previous studies about the relative role of F0 in speech, which is not readily available when looking at words at the sentence level.
Abstract
This paper investigates the acquisition of English stress in the production of English texts by adult Korean EFL learners. The data was collected from 63 speakers (55 Korean speakers at an intermediate level and eight native speakers of American English) and 14,336 tokens were measured and analyzed with regard to differences between the stressed vowels and the unstressed ones in terms of the acoustic features: F0, intensity, and duration. In general, the patterns of stressed and unstressed vowels produced by the Korean speakers were similar to the patterns of the native speakers, even though ratios differed. Among the three acoustic features, the learners depended more on duration and intensity than on F0 in manifesting stressed and unstressed vowels. While F0 is expected to be higher for stressed and lower for unstressed, the average F0 of unstressed vowels was even higher than stressed vowels for the American group. As for duration and intensity, both Korean and American speakers showed a significant difference between stressed and unstressed vowels. However, the duration ratio between stressed and unstressed vowels for American male speakers was significantly higher than for the Korean male speakers, whereas there was no significant ratio difference between the female groups. It appeared that there was a significant intensity ratio difference between the American and Korean speakers. This study also attempted to uncover the degree of the reduction of function words. Native speakers seem to reduce all the function words to a relatively similar degree. In contrast, Korean speakers treated individual function words more differently in reduction. This study provides evidence for some of the controversial findings of previous studies about the relative role of F0 in speech, which is not readily available when looking at words at the sentence level.
참고문헌 (31)
- Asher, R. E, "The Encyclopedia in Language and Linguistics" (1994), Pergamon Press Ltd
- Beckman, M. E, "Articulatory Timing and the Prosodic Interpretation of Syllable Duration", Phonetica, 45, pp.156~174 (1994)
- Celce-Murcia, M, "Teaching Pronunciation: A Reference for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages" (1996), Cambridge University Press
- Chen, Y, "A Study of Sentence Stress Production in Mandarin Speakers of American English", The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 109, pp.1681~1690 (2001)
- Chun, D. M, "Discourse Intonation in L2: From Theory and Research to Practice" (2002), John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Crystal, T. H, "The Duration of American English Vowels: An Overview", Journal of Phonetics, 16, pp.263~284 (1988)
- Fear, B. D, "The Strong", Weak Syllable Distinction in English, 1995, pp.97, 1893~1904
- Flege, J. E, "An Instrumental Study of Vowel Reduction and Stress Placement in Spanish-Accented English", Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 11, pp.35~62 (1989)
- Fry, D. B, "Duration and Intensity as Physical Correlates of Linguistic Stress", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 27, pp.765~768 (1955)
- Grabe, E, "Durational Variability in Speech and the Rhythm Class Hypothesis", Papers in Laboratory Phonology, 7, pp.515~546 (2002)
- Hillenbrand, J, "Acoustic Characteristics of American English Vowels", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 97, pp.3099~3111 (1995)
- Jian, H, "An Improved Pairwise Variability Index for Comparing the Timing Characteristics of Speech", Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, pp.1261~1264 (2004)
- 김종미, "Non-native speech rhythm: A large-scale study of English pronunciation by Korean learners", 음성음운형태론연구, 13(2), pp.245~275 (2007), 한국음운론학회
- Kim, N, "An Error Analysis on English Stress and Intonation by Korean Speakers: Focusing on High School Students", 석사, pp.2001
- Kim, O.-Y, "An Acoustic Study of English Sentence Stress and Rhythm Produced by Korean Speakers", Speech Sciences, 14, pp.121~135 (2007)
- Kochanski, G, "Loudness Predicts Prominence: Fundamental Frequency Lends Little", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 118, pp.1038~1054 (2005)
- 권하림, "A Phonetic Analysis of Advanced Korean EFL Learners' English Reduced Vowels", 영어학, 7(4), pp.547~564 (2007), 한국영어학회
- Lee, B, "Acoustic Analysis of Production of Unstressed English Vowels by Early and Late Korean, and Japanese Bilinguals", Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 28, pp.487~513 (2006)
- Lee, O, "Syllable-Timing Interferes with Korean Learners' Speech of Stress-Timed English", The Korean Association of Speech Sciences, 12, pp.95~112 (2005)
- 이신숙, "An Acoustic Analysis of Stressed and Unstressed Vowels in English Nouns: A Cross-language Case Study", 영어학연구, 17(3), pp.61~88 (2011), 한국영어학학회
- "The Production and Perception of Word-Level Prosody in Korean" (2001)[URL]
- Low, E. L, "Quantitative Characterizations of Speech Rhythm: Syllable-Timing in Singapore English", Language and Speech, 43, pp.377~401 (2000)
- Moon, J, "An Experimental Study of English Rhythmic Patterns of Korean English Learners", 석사, pp.2000
- Nguyen, T. A. T, "Vietnamese Acquisition of English Word Stress", TESOL Quarterly, 39, pp.309~319 (2005)
- No, G, "Stress Placement and Phonological Competence of L2 Learners", English Teaching, 53(2), pp.3~19 (1998)
- 박미애, "On the acquisition of English word stress by adult Korean speakers", Foreign Languages Education, 13(2), pp.141~169 (2006), 한국외국어교육학회
- Pater, J, "Minimal Violation and Phonological Development", Language Acquisition, 6, pp.201~253 (1997)
- Prator, C. H, "Manual of American English Pronunciation" (1985), Holt, Rinehart and Winston
- Ueyama, M, "Prosodic Transfer: An Acoustic Study of L2 English vs. L2 Japanese", 박사, pp.2000
- Yang, B, "An Acoustical Study of English Word Stress Produced by Americans and Koreans", Speech Sciences, 9, pp.77~88 (2002)
- 염문실, "The Pausing and Stress Patterns of Korean Learners of English", 언어연구, 21(3), pp.331~347 (2006), 한국현대언어학회