Women, Death and the Body in some of Plutarch's writings
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This article focuses on some of Plutarch’s texts on women, death and the body, based on a comparison with material from modern Greece, where we find many of the same opinions about women, death and the body among men,and which are different from the women’s thinking about themselves. This article will also try to explain why we encounter many contradictions in Plutarch’s work on the topics: Women are assumed to be ruled by their men, to stay indoors without exposing themselves or talk in public, a habit which is considered extremely unmanly in connection with, for example, mourning. Simultaneously, women who act manly while saving their home and city by exposing not only their bodies, but even their private parts are considered to be brave women. How can we explain these contradictions, many of which Plutarch shares with other ancient male authors of sources?Based on studies in ancient Greek sources, mainly produced by Plutarch,combined with results from fieldwork which the author has carried out in contemporary Greece, and other ethnographic writings, a comparison is made through an analysis of women, death and the body. This is a useful way to try to consider the female part of society from a new approach and try to explain the contradictions we encounter in Plutarch’s texts, which presents the official male value-system, from which the ancient society traditionally has been considered, and which is also very similar to the values found in the writings of modern, particularly male, ethnographers. The absence of the female value-system leaves previous analyses one-sided and incomplete. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis requires the female point of view to be included. Hence, the article argues for the importance of changing our approach when working with ancient Greek culture. Taking account of the female sphere, which still exists in Greece, provides us with a basis for considering the female part of society, but, by so doing, the official male perspective, which is similar to the Western male perspective generally applied within Greek studies, has to be deconstructed.
Abstract
This article focuses on some of Plutarch’s texts on women, death and the body, based on a comparison with material from modern Greece, where we find many of the same opinions about women, death and the body among men,and which are different from the women’s thinking about themselves. This article will also try to explain why we encounter many contradictions in Plutarch’s work on the topics: Women are assumed to be ruled by their men, to stay indoors without exposing themselves or talk in public, a habit which is considered extremely unmanly in connection with, for example, mourning. Simultaneously, women who act manly while saving their home and city by exposing not only their bodies, but even their private parts are considered to be brave women. How can we explain these contradictions, many of which Plutarch shares with other ancient male authors of sources?Based on studies in ancient Greek sources, mainly produced by Plutarch,combined with results from fieldwork which the author has carried out in contemporary Greece, and other ethnographic writings, a comparison is made through an analysis of women, death and the body. This is a useful way to try to consider the female part of society from a new approach and try to explain the contradictions we encounter in Plutarch’s texts, which presents the official male value-system, from which the ancient society traditionally has been considered, and which is also very similar to the values found in the writings of modern, particularly male, ethnographers. The absence of the female value-system leaves previous analyses one-sided and incomplete. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis requires the female point of view to be included. Hence, the article argues for the importance of changing our approach when working with ancient Greek culture. Taking account of the female sphere, which still exists in Greece, provides us with a basis for considering the female part of society, but, by so doing, the official male perspective, which is similar to the Western male perspective generally applied within Greek studies, has to be deconstructed.
참고문헌 (55)
- Abu-Lughod, Lila, "Veiled Sentiments: Honor and Poetry in a Bedouin Society" (1988), University of California Press
- Alexakēs, Eleutherios, "“Vitore” ou l’esprit de la maison. La construction symbolique de la famille et de la parente chez les Arvanites d’ Attique (Grece), In Between East and West. Studies in Anthropology and Social History", pp.369~397 (2005), Editura Institutului Cultural Roman
- Alexiou, M, "The Ritual Lament in Greek Tradition" (1974), Cambridge University Press
- Alexiou, M, "After antiquity: Greek language, myth, and metaphor" (2002), Cornell University Press
- Blomqvist, K, "Chryseïs and Clea, Eumetis and the Interlocutress. Plutarch of Chaeronea and Dio Chrysostom on Women’s Education", Svensk Exegetisk Årsbok, 60, pp.173~190 (1995)
- Blomqvist, K, "From Olympias to Aretaphila: women in politics in Plutarch, In Plutarch and his Intellectual World: Essays on Plutarch", pp.73~97 (1997), Duckworth
- Bourdieu, Pierre, "La domination masculine. Collection Liber" (1998), Seuil
- Boylan, Michael, "The Galenic and Hippocratic Challenges to Aristotle’s Conception Theory", Journal of the History of Biology, 17(1), pp.83~112 (1984)
- Brumfield, Allaire, "Aporreta: verbal and ritual obscenity in the cults of ancient women", In The Role of Religion in the Early Greek Polis: Proceedings of the Third International Seminar on Ancient Greek Cult, organised by the Swedish Institute at Athens, 16-18 October 1992, pp.67~74 (1996), Skrifter utgivna av Svenska institutet i Athen, Acta Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae
- Campbell, J. K, "Honor, Family and Patronage: A Study of Institutions and Moral Values in a Greek Mountain Community" (1964), Clarendon Press
- Campbell, J. K, "Honour and the Devil, In Honour and Shame: The Values of Mediterranean Society", pp.139~170 (1966), The University of Chicago Press
- Caraveli, Anna, "The Bitter Wounding: The Lament as Social Protest in Rural Greece, In Gender and Power in Rural Greece", pp.169~194 (1986), Princeton University Press
- Corrington-Streete, Gail P, "Sex, Spirit, and Control: Paul and the Women in Corinth, In Ritual, Power, and the Body: Historical Perspectives on the Representation of Greek Women", pp.95~117 (1993), Pella
- Danforth, Loring M, "The death rituals of rural Greece" (1982), Princeton University Press
- Delaney, Carol, "Seeds of Honor, In Fields of Shame", pp.35~48 (1987)
- Dubisch, Jill, "In a Different Place: Pilgrimage, Gender, and Politics at a Greek Island Shrine" (1995), Princeton University Press
- du Boulay, Juliet, "The blood: Symbolic relationships between descent marriage, incest prohibitions and spiritual kinship in Greece", Man, 19, pp.533~556 (1984)
- Dubisch, Jill, "Cosmos, Life, and Liturgy in a Greek Orthodox Village" (2009), Denise Harvey
- Foley, Helen, "The politics of tragic lamentation", Tragedy, Comedy and the Polis: Papers from the Greek Drama Conference, Nottingham, 18-20 July 1990, pp.101~143 (1993), Levante Editori
- Foley, Helen, "Female Acts in Greek Tragedy" (2001), Princeton University Press
- Foucault, Michel, "Histoire de la sexualité. Vols. 1-3" (1976), Gallimard
- Gilmore, David, "Introduction, In Honor and Shame and the Unity of the Mediterranean", pp.2~21 (1987), American Anthropological Association
- Halperin, David M, "Before Sexuality: The Construction of Erotic Experience in the Ancient Greek World" (1990), Princeton University Press
- Herzfeld, Michael, "Anthropology through the looking-glass: Critical ethnography in the margins of Europe" (1992), Cambridge University Press
- Herzfeld, Michael, "Silence, Submission, and Subversion: Toward a Poetics of Womanhood, In Contested Identities: Gender and Kinship in Modern Greece", pp.79~97 (1991), Princeton University Press
- Closed Space: The Transformation of Female Sexuality, In Defining Females: The Nature of Women in Society, "Open Body", pp.1993, Hirschon, Renée
- Holst-Warhaft, Gail, "Dangerous Voices: Women's Laments and Greek Literature" (1992), Routledge
- Horden, Peregrin, "The Corrupting Sea: a study of Mediterranean history" (2000), Oxford University Press, Blackwell
- Håland, Evy Johanne, "An analysis of selected works presenting women’s life and religions in the Greco-Roman World", ~ (1999)
- Håland, Evy Johanne, "An historical analysis of the relationship between Greek Death Cult, today and in the ancient world (in Norwegian with English summary)", Historisk Tidsskrift, 4(83), pp.559~591 (2004)
- Håland, Evy Johanne, "Athena’s Peplos: Weaving as a Core Female Activity in Ancient and Modern Greece", Cosmos: The journal of the Traditional Cosmology Society, 20, pp.155~182 (2006)
- Håland, Evy Johanne, "The ritual year as a woman’s life: The festivals of the agricultural cycle, life-cycle passages of Mother Goddesses and fertility-cult", First International Conference of the SIEF working group on The Ritual Year. In association with The Department of Maltese University of Malta, Junior College, Msida, Malta, 2005: Proceedings, pp.303~326 (2006), Publishers Enterprises Group (PEG) Ltd
- Håland, Evy Johanne, "Greek Festivals, Modern and Ancient: A Comparison of Female and Male Values (in Norwegian)" (2007), Norwegian Academic Press
- Håland, Evy Johanne, "Greek Women and Death, ancient and modern: A Comparative Analysis, In Women, Pain and Death: Rituals and Everyday-Life on the Margins of Europe and Beyond", pp.34~62 (2008), Cambridge Scholars Publishing
- Håland, Evy Johanne, "Greek women and religion, modern and ancient: Festivals and cults connected with the female sphere, a comparison", Medelhavsmuseet. Focus on the Mediterranean, 4, pp.101~120 (2009)
- Håland, Evy Johanne, "Take Skamandros, my virginity: Ideas of Water in Connection with Rites of Passage in Greece, Modern and Ancient, In The Nature and Function of Water, Baths, Bathing, and Hygiene from Antiquity through the Renaissance. Technology and Change in History, 11", pp.109~148 (2009), Brill Publishers
- Håland, Evy Johanne, "Greek Women, Power and the Body: From Fieldwork on Cults Connected with the Female Sphere Towards a Deconstruction of Male Ideologies", Modern and Ancient. Mediterranean Review, 3(1), pp.31~57 (2010)
- Håland, Evy Johanne, "Competing Ideologies in Greek Religion, Ancient and Modern (in Norwegian)", pp.300~ (2011), Licentia Publishers
- Håland, Evy Johanne, "Rituals in Greek Caves: From Modern Case Studies to Ancient Sources, In Rituals: Types, Efficacy and Myths", pp.1~50 (2011), Nova Publishers
- Håland, Evy Johanne, "Emotion, gender and identity in connection with death in Greece. Mirabilia 15. Topic: Emotions in the Ancient and Medieval Mediterranean World", ~
- Håland, Evy Johanne, "The Dormition of the Virgin Mary, on the island of Tinos: A performance of gendered values in Greece", The Journal of Religious History, 36(1), pp.29~
- Håland, Evy Johanne, "The Ritual Year of Athena: The agricultural cycle of the olive, girls’ passage rites, and official ideology", The Journal of Religious History, 36(2), pp.30~
- Laqueur, Thomas, "Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud" (1990), Harvard University Press
- Loraux, Nicole, "Les Méres en Deuil" (1990), Seuil
- Motte, André, "Prairies et Jardins de la Grèce Antique. De la Religion à la Philosophie" (1973), Palais des Académies
- Moxnes, Halvor, "Conventional Values in the Hellenistic World: Masculinity, In Conventional Values of the Hellenistic Greeks", pp.263~284 (1997), Aarhus University Press
- Patterson, Cynthia, "Plutarch’s ‘Advice on Marriage’: Traditional Wisdom through a Philosophic Lens", ANRW II, 33(6), pp.4709~4723 (1992)
- Petropoulos, J. C. B, "Heat and Lust: Hesiod’s Midsummer Festival Scene Revisited" (1994), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc
- Pomeroy, Sarah B, "Families in Classical and Hellenistic Greece: Representations and Realities" (1998), Clarendon Press
- Pomeroy, Sarah B, "Plutarch’s Advice to Bride and Groom and A Consolation to his Wife: English Translations, Commentary, Interpretive Essays and Bibliography" (1999), Oxford University press
- Richlin, Amy, "Towards a history of body history, In Inventing Ancient Culture: Historicism, Periodization, and the Ancient World", pp.16~35 (1997), Routledge
- Seremetakis, C. Nadia, "The Last Word: Women, Death, and Divination in Inner Mani" (1991), The University of Chicago Press
- Stigers, Eva Stehle, "Sappho’s Private World, In Reflections of Women in Antiquity", pp.45~61 (1981), Gordon and Breach Science Publishers
- Walcot, Peter, "Plutarch on Women", Symbolae Osloenses, 74, pp.163~183 (1999)
- Winkler, John J, "The Constraints of Desire: The Anthropology of Sex and Gender in Ancient Greece" (1990), Routledge