Parasitic Diseases in Salmonid Aquaculture: A Comprehensive Review of Major Threats and Management Strategies for Korea
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The rapid growth of salmonid aquaculture, especially with Korea’s emerging Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) industry, is increasingly challenged by parasitic diseases affecting both farmed and wild fish. This review highlights seven major parasitic threats chosen for their economic impact, global sig- nificance, and biosecurity concerns. Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis, Caligus rogercresseyi) cause substantial financial losses internationally, driving ongoing innovation in integrated pest management (IPM). Amoebic gill disease (Neoparamoeba perurans) is now a widespread risk in all key salmon-pro- ducing regions. Gyrodactylus salaris can be devastating to Atlantic salmon populations, but Korea has so far kept this parasite free through strict monitoring and effective surveillance. Freshwater para- sites such as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Ichthyobodo necator pose a serious risk of high mortality in juvenile fish, particularly during the susceptible smoltification stage. The situation is further compli- cated by myxozoan parasites, which are responsible for complex diseases such as whirling disease, proliferative kidney disease, and soft flesh syndrome. These parasites are especially difficult to manage because they tend to cause long-lasting infections, destabilize aquatic ecosystems, and necessitate multi-host control strategies. Land-based recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) offer improved biosecurity. However, they still require rigorous procedures to prevent the spread of disease. The most successful approach is to combine genetic selection, biological control methods, environmental manage- ment, and careful use of chemicals within a comprehensive IPM framework. For Korea’s developing Atlantic salmon industry, establishing robust, science-based biosecurity and management practices from the outset is critical for ensuring sustainable, long-term success.
Abstract
The rapid growth of salmonid aquaculture, especially with Korea’s emerging Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) industry, is increasingly challenged by parasitic diseases affecting both farmed and wild fish. This review highlights seven major parasitic threats chosen for their economic impact, global sig- nificance, and biosecurity concerns. Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis, Caligus rogercresseyi) cause substantial financial losses internationally, driving ongoing innovation in integrated pest management (IPM). Amoebic gill disease (Neoparamoeba perurans) is now a widespread risk in all key salmon-pro- ducing regions. Gyrodactylus salaris can be devastating to Atlantic salmon populations, but Korea has so far kept this parasite free through strict monitoring and effective surveillance. Freshwater para- sites such as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Ichthyobodo necator pose a serious risk of high mortality in juvenile fish, particularly during the susceptible smoltification stage. The situation is further compli- cated by myxozoan parasites, which are responsible for complex diseases such as whirling disease, proliferative kidney disease, and soft flesh syndrome. These parasites are especially difficult to manage because they tend to cause long-lasting infections, destabilize aquatic ecosystems, and necessitate multi-host control strategies. Land-based recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) offer improved biosecurity. However, they still require rigorous procedures to prevent the spread of disease. The most successful approach is to combine genetic selection, biological control methods, environmental manage- ment, and careful use of chemicals within a comprehensive IPM framework. For Korea’s developing Atlantic salmon industry, establishing robust, science-based biosecurity and management practices from the outset is critical for ensuring sustainable, long-term success.