지눌의 삼문수행체계에 나타난 돈오점수론의 선교일치적 특성

Abstract

'Jinul (知訥, 1158-1210)’s theory of Seon-Doctrinal Unity is developed primarily through his Theory of Sudden Enlightenment and Gradual Cultivation, which is a characteristic feature that consistently integrates his doctrinal studies and practice theory. In the context of the Three Gates of Practice, the concept of ‘Gradual Cultivation’ emphasized in the ‘Gate of Equal Maintenance of Alertness and Quiescence’ serves as the theoretical basis of the ‘Gate of Sudden and Perfect Faith and Understanding’, and the ‘Gate of The Path of Direct Cutting by Observing the Key Phrase’. This study examines Jinul’s concept of ‘Void and Calm Numinous Awareness’ as the content of sudden enlightenment from the perspectives of the Three Vehicles and the One Vehicle, linking it to the Bodhisattva path and the initial awakening in the Ten Faiths stages. Furthermore, Jinul discusses Sudden Enlightenment based on the concept of ‘Void and Calm Numinous Awareness’ not as intellectual understanding but as non-discriminative wisdom grounded in emptiness and liberation. He presents the cultivation of ‘Self-nature Concentration and Wisdom’, and ‘Investigative Concentration and Wisdom’ through Sudden Enlightenment in the context of differentiating cognition, emphasizing their development according to the essence and function of the self-nature. Additionally, he highlights the characteristics of gradual cultivation that perfect the practice of enlightenment through the Bodhisattva path. Regarding the Sudden and Gradual debate, Jinul’s Three Gates of Practice system starts from the luminous mind of universal illumination, encompassing the nature that aligns with the true mind of non-duality between self and others, and between ordinary beings and sages. Therefore, even upon attaining the eighth stage of immovable wisdom, continuous gradual cultivation remains necessary until one reaches the wisdom of the Buddha. Jinul’s Three Gates of Practice system demonstrates the characteristics of Seon-Doctrinal Unity by encompassing both ignorance and wisdom within the realm of the ‘arising from the self-nature’, beginning from the stage of self-mind. This system integrates dependent origination and harmonizes doctrinal teachings with Seon practice. Moreover, from the perspective of Seon, Jinul’s system consistently and uniquely integrates the Three Vehicles and the One Vehicle, Sudden and Complete teachings, Huayan and the Bodhisattva path, providing a coherent framework for all discourses.