미국 핵 프로파간다의 기원 연구 - 트루먼 행정부의 심리전전략위원회를 중심으로-
A Study on the Origin of US Nuclear Propaganda - Focusing on Psychological Strategy Board (PSB) of the Truman Presidency, 1951∼1953 -
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이 논문은 1951년부터 1953년까지 트루먼 행정부의 핵무기 공보정책을 분석한다. 6·25전쟁 전반기 핵 강압외교 실패의 경험은 트루먼 행정부에게 핵무기를 국정운영수단으로 활용한다는 것이 대단히 힘든 일임을 깨우쳐주었다. 1951년 4월에 설립된 심리전전략위원회는 핵무기를 심리적으로 최대한 활용하는 방안을 구상했고, 그중 대표적인 정책이 바로 핵무기 공보정책, 즉 핵 프로파간다였다. 핵 프로파간다는 1980년대 로널드 레이건 행정부의 핵확산 정책을 둘러싼 학계의찬반 논쟁에서 등장한 개념이다. 하지만 핵무기를 처음 개발한 트루먼 행정부에서부터핵 프로파간다를 현실정치에 적용했다는 점은 학계를 비롯한 세간에 좀처럼 드러나지않았던 사실이다. 그리고 아이젠하워의 “평화를 위한 핵” 선전이 핵 프로파간다의 시초라는 것이 정설로 인식되었다. 그러나 심리전전략위원회는 수소폭탄 시대의 개막서부터 봉쇄전략의 일환으로 핵프로파간다를 구상하기 시작했다. 그리고 NSC 126과 아이비작전 공보정책을 통해 냉전을 관통하는 핵 프로파간다의 패러다임을 규정했다. 이 논문은 이러한 사실을 통해로저 딩먼((Roger Dingman)의 미완의 결론을 확장하고, ‘핵외교전략으로서 핵 프로파간다’의 등장 시기를 아이젠하워보다 앞선 트루먼 행정부로 보아야 한다고 역설한다. 그리고 심리전전략위원회가 형성한 핵 프로파간다의 기조는 트루먼의 후임 정부에서도 계속해서 이어졌다고 필자는 주장하는 바이다.
Abstract
This paper analyzes the Truman administration's nuclear weapons public information(P.I.) policy from 1951 to 1953. The failure of nuclear diplomacy in the first half of the Korean War reminded them that it was very difficult to use nuclear weapons as a means of statecraft. The PSB planned to exploit nuclear weapons psychologically, and its representative policy was the nuclear weapons P.I. policy, that is, nuclear propaganda. Nuclear propaganda is a concept that emerged in the 1980s' debate on the Ronald Reagan's nuclear proliferation policy. However, people rarely know it was applied to real politics from the Truman administration and recognize Eisenhower's “Atoms for Peace” as the beginning of nuclear propaganda. But the PSB begun to think of nuclear propaganda as a part of its containment strategy from the early Hydrogen Bomb Era. NSC 126 and the Ivy Operation P.I. policy defined the paradigm of nuclear propaganda throughout the Cold War. This paper argues that these facts should extend Roger Dingman's incomplete conclusions and Truman administration began to use ‘nuclear propaganda as a tool of nuclear diplomacy’ prior to Eisenhower. I also argue that the nuclear propaganda of the PSB continued until the end of the Cold War.
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