자기심리학의 관점에서 본 중독 이해: 목회상담적 적용 가능성
Understanding Addiction from a Perspective of Self Psychology: Implications for Pastoral Counseling
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This study aims to illuminate therapeutic and pastoral implications on narcissistic addictive behaviors from the views of self-psychology and theology. According to Kohut’s theory, a healthy development of a self depends on its stable relationship with primary nurturers who function as empathic self objects. Self-deficit caused by absent or inappropriate responses of the self objects can result in narcissistic addictive behaviors. As a therapeutic approach, Kohut emphasizes the importance of a counselor's empathic reactions to narcissistic addicts so that they may express their primitive needs, restart their psychological development, and finally reconstruct their self-structure through the newly formed empathic relationship. In terms of theology, however, addiction dates from the original sin from Eden. The original sin provokes addicts' existential anxiety and spiritual desire for God. Nonetheless, they tend to fill their fragile "empty" self with ineffective substitutes such as addictive substances. Therefore, spiritual repentance should be a key process in pastoral counseling for the addicts. Self-psychology also suggests that empathy is not the end of counseling in itself but an important element for forming therapeutic relations and facilitating insight. In the therapeutic process, there also must be the stages of spiritual repentance. This also shows that self-psychology and theology are not in conflict with each other but rather in harmony so that the stage of empathy can precede repentance and be able to change in some cases to support their self-maturity. Just as the self object of Christ is God the father, Christians including pastoral counselors should recognize God as their present and ultimate self object. Counselors’ qualities from their relationship with God can facilitate narcissistic addicts to follow the relational example and to experience recovery in both psychological and spiritual aspects. Furthermore, all members in a Christian community should actively love one another and become "good-enough" self objects to addicts because to love is the new commandment given to us by Christ.
Abstract
This study aims to illuminate therapeutic and pastoral implications on narcissistic addictive behaviors from the views of self-psychology and theology. According to Kohut’s theory, a healthy development of a self depends on its stable relationship with primary nurturers who function as empathic self objects. Self-deficit caused by absent or inappropriate responses of the self objects can result in narcissistic addictive behaviors. As a therapeutic approach, Kohut emphasizes the importance of a counselor's empathic reactions to narcissistic addicts so that they may express their primitive needs, restart their psychological development, and finally reconstruct their self-structure through the newly formed empathic relationship. In terms of theology, however, addiction dates from the original sin from Eden. The original sin provokes addicts' existential anxiety and spiritual desire for God. Nonetheless, they tend to fill their fragile "empty" self with ineffective substitutes such as addictive substances. Therefore, spiritual repentance should be a key process in pastoral counseling for the addicts. Self-psychology also suggests that empathy is not the end of counseling in itself but an important element for forming therapeutic relations and facilitating insight. In the therapeutic process, there also must be the stages of spiritual repentance. This also shows that self-psychology and theology are not in conflict with each other but rather in harmony so that the stage of empathy can precede repentance and be able to change in some cases to support their self-maturity. Just as the self object of Christ is God the father, Christians including pastoral counselors should recognize God as their present and ultimate self object. Counselors’ qualities from their relationship with God can facilitate narcissistic addicts to follow the relational example and to experience recovery in both psychological and spiritual aspects. Furthermore, all members in a Christian community should actively love one another and become "good-enough" self objects to addicts because to love is the new commandment given to us by Christ.
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