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제 3자 도덕적 면허 효과: 범법자 소속 집단에 대한 지각이 관찰자의 처벌판단에 미치는 영향

Third Party Moral Licensing: The Effect of Perception of Wrongdoer’s Social Groups on Punitive Judgement by Observer

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본 연구는 범법자의 소속 집단에 대한 지각(즉, 사회경제적 지위 및 따뜻함)에 따른 관찰자의 처벌판단에 있어 제3자 도덕적 면허효과(즉, 행위자들의 현재의 나쁜 행동을 사회경제적으로 높은 지위 등에 비추어 우호적으로 해석하여 허용하거나 혹은 낮은 사회경제적 지위의 행위자들에 대한 동정심을 통해 허용하는 효과)가 범죄의 명료성에 따라 어떻게 달라지는지 검토하였다. 보다 구체적으로, 연구 1에서 대학생 실험참여자들은 조건에 따라 사회경제적 지위(고vs저vs통제)가 다른 범법자의 범죄행위(명백vs모호) 시나리오를 읽은 다음, 해당 행위에 대한 처벌판단을 하였다. 연구 1의 결과, 실험참여자들은 명백한 범죄의 경우, 사회경제적 지위가 낮거나 지위정보가 없는(통제) 조건에서보다 높은 지위 범법자들에게 더 강한 처벌을 하였다. 모호한 범죄의 경우, 실험참여자들은 낮은 지위 범법자에 대해서보다 통제조건이나 높은 지위 범법자에게 더 강한 처벌을 하였다. 또한 낮은 지위 범법자(vs. 높은 지위)에 대한 약한 처벌은 명백한 범죄 상황에서만 동정심을 매개로 하여 발생하였다. 연구 2에서는 범법자의 소속 집단의 유능성(즉, 지위) 외에 따뜻함 정보를 추가하여 범죄의 명료성에 따른 관찰자들의 처벌판단이 어떻게 달라지는지 알아보고, 또한 이 과정을 설명할 수 있는 기제를 탐색하였다. 연구 2에서 실험참여자들은 조건에 따라 유능성과 따뜻함 수준이 다른 대상의 범죄행위 시나리오를 읽고 처벌판단을 하였다. 연구 2의 결과, 범죄의 명료성과 유능성 차원 그리고 범죄의 명료성과 따뜻함 차원 각각의 2원 상호작용이 유의미하였다. 명백한 범죄의 경우, 관찰자들은 무능하게 지각되는 사람보다 유능하게 지각되는 사람에게 더 가혹한 처벌을 하였는데, 이와 같은 무능한 사람(vs. 유능한 사람)에 대한 관대한 처벌은 동정심을 통해 발생하였다(연구 1 결과 반복지지). 행위자가 모호한 범법 행위를 하였을 때는 관찰자들은 차갑게 지각되는 사람보다 따뜻하게 지각되는 사람에게 더 관대한 처벌을 하였다. 이때 발생한 관대한 처벌은 관찰자들이 따뜻한 사람의 모호한 범법 행동을 우호적으로 해석함(즉, 범죄행위가 아닌 것처럼 지각)으로써 발생하였다. 이러한 연구결과는 우리 사회에서 범법자의 사회경제적 지위 혹은 사회 집단에 따른 고정관념이 국민참여재판에 참여하는 배심원들의 처벌판단에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 제안하고 있다.

Abstract

The present study examined how Third Party Moral Licensing Effect(i.e., the effect of allowing actors' current bad behavior to be interpreted favorably in light of high SES or permitted by sympathy for actors with low SES) varied in terms of the type of crime for the observer to judge the extent of punishment according to the perception of the grouo (i.e., socioeconomic status and warmth) to which the wrongdoer belong. More specifically, in Study 1, participants evaluated the extent of punishment regarding the wrongdoer after reading criminal act of the target through a script in which the target's SES(high vs. low vs. control) and the type of crime(blatant vs. ambiguous criminal behaviour) was manipulated. The results of Study 1 demonstrated that, in the case of blatant criminal behaviour, the participants made more severe punishment judgement for wrongdoer with high SES than with either low SES or without status information(control). Under ambiguous criminal behaviour condition, the participants gave greater punishment to the target in either the control condition or who was of high SES than to the target with low SES. Also, weak punishment for the wrongdoer with low SES(vs. high SES) was mediated by sympathy for the target only in the context of blatant criminal behaviour. In Study 2, we examined whether the perception of competence and warmth of the wrongdoer in terms of the group to which he belonged to, as well as the type of crime affected punitive judgement by the observer. In addition, we investigated psychological mechanism which may explain these process of punitive judgement. To examine these, we asked the participants to read a scenario describing either blatant or ambiguous criminal behaviour of the target with different levels of competence and warmth, in terms of the groups he belonged to, and afterwards to make punitive judgement The 3-way anovas obtained significant two-way interactions of Crime Type and Competence dimension, as well as Crime Type and Warmth dimension. When actors committed a blatant criminal act, observers gave more generous punishment to those who were perceived as incompetent than those who were perceived as competent. Generous punishment for incompetent persons occurred through sympathy, repeating the result of Study 1. When actors committed an ambiguous criminal act, observers gave more generous punishments to those who were perceived as warmly than those who were perceived as being cold. Generous punishment for a wrongdoer who were perceived as being warm rather than being cold occurred because the observers more favorably interpreted the ambiguous behavior of the warm target than the cold one. These findings suggest that in our society the stereotypes of social groups to which the wrongdoer belong can influence the judgment of jurors participating in the trial.

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