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대외적 자결권의 국제법적 검토

A Study on the External Self-determination under International Law

이서희
법학연구소 (The Institute of Legal Studies Konkuk University)|2023.02|외법논집 (HUFS Law Review)|제47권 제1호|pp. 125-150|DOI 10.17257/hufslr.2023.47.1.125

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참고문헌

키워드

소수민족Minority대외적 자결권코소보 사건장벽 사건서남아프리카 사건External self-determinationKosovo caseWall caseSouthwest Africa case
주제분류법학

초록

오늘날 자결권은 강행규범의 예로 언급될 정도로 국제법적 지위가 강화되고 있다. 그러나 국가 내인민이 행사할 수 있는 대외적 자결권에 관해서는 논란이 발생하고 있다. 현행 국제법에서는 분리독립을 허용하는 기준이 불분명하지만, 국제사회는 식민지, 신탁통치제도, 외국 침략 아래 인민에 한해 대외적 자결권을 부여하였으며, 이 범주 이외 인민의 대외적 자결권에 대해서는 부정적인 입장을 유지하고 있다. 그러나 1964년 아프리카 통일기구가 현상유지원칙을 받아들인 이후에는 국가 내 소수민족이대외적 자결권을 근거로 분리독립을 주장하는 사례가 증가하고 있다. 특히, 소수민족 중에서도 인종차별체제 하 인민에 대해 대외적 자결권을 부여하는 국가실행과 법적확신이 나타나고 있다. 이에 이 논문에서는 대외적 자결권에 관한 논의와 당면문제를 검토하고 그 해결책을 찾아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 자결권 문제를 다루고 있는 서남아프리카 사건, 장벽 사건, 코소보 사건을 검토하였다. 그 결과, 이 세 판결에서 대외적 자결권 허용을 위한 새로운 기준 마련의 필요성을 직⋅간접적으로 언급하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 단순히 인권침해를 당했다고 주장하는 국가 내 소수민족에 대외적자결권을 허용하는 것은 논란의 여지가 있을 수 있다. 그러나 해당 인민이 강행규범 위반에 준하는 인권침해를 당했을 때 이들을 보호할 수 있는 다른 방법이 없는 경우에는 민주적인 절차를 통한 대외적 자결권 행사가 허용되어야 한다.

Abstract

The right to self-determination is an example of peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens). However, there is a controversy on the right of people in the country to external self-determination, which can be exercised in a manner of independence or secession. The current international law does not have criteria for secession, but the international community has taken a negative stance on it based on the right of people to external self-determination. However, since the African Unification Organization accepted the principle of uti possidetis in 1964, there have been an increasing number of cases in which minorities in the country claim secession based on the right to external self-determination. In particular, among minorities, state pratice and opinio juris to grant people the right to external self-determination are emerging. Therefore, this paper examines the discussion and the immdeiate problems on the right to external self-determination, and finds solutions to them; it analyzes Kosovo, Southwest Africa, and Wall Cases, which handle the right to self-determination. As a result, the International Court of Justice’s decisions are found to directly and indirectly suggest that a new standard should be prepared for the right to external self-determination. Although controversial, it is necesssary to consider allowing minorities who have suffered from a violation of human rights equivalent to jus-cogens to have external self-determination.

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