The German Question and its European Solution
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The German question was not only about re-unification of two opposite German states embedded in the bi-polar constellation of the Cold War. It was more generally the question of a balance between German sovereignty as a nation state and peace in Europe. In order to solve this problem the establishment of federal structures on the European continent was needed. In the context of the Cold War the German question reveals itself as decisive for the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the core of supranational community building after World War II. European Integration as a means to contain Germany was confirmed by the Rome Treaties and the Franco-German Treaty of 1963. The hardness test of the European Community based on an understanding between France and the Federal Republic came when the Soviet hegemony on Eastern Europe began to be dissolved and the bi-polar order came to a sudden end in 1989/90. Chancellor Helmut Kohl’s announcement of postponing the political decision on the monetary union for another year, along with its incorporation into a more comprehensive reform project containing many pitfalls, was perceived in Paris as a covert rejection and the beginning of the end of the European Community. When at the end of November 1989 Kohl did perceive this he gave in on the issue of committing to the monetary union. Thus, Kohl and French President François Mitterrand not only succeeded in preventing the European unification process from being compromised by German re-unification, but were even able to give fresh impetus to this process.
Abstract
The German question was not only about re-unification of two opposite German states embedded in the bi-polar constellation of the Cold War. It was more generally the question of a balance between German sovereignty as a nation state and peace in Europe. In order to solve this problem the establishment of federal structures on the European continent was needed. In the context of the Cold War the German question reveals itself as decisive for the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the core of supranational community building after World War II. European Integration as a means to contain Germany was confirmed by the Rome Treaties and the Franco-German Treaty of 1963. The hardness test of the European Community based on an understanding between France and the Federal Republic came when the Soviet hegemony on Eastern Europe began to be dissolved and the bi-polar order came to a sudden end in 1989/90. Chancellor Helmut Kohl’s announcement of postponing the political decision on the monetary union for another year, along with its incorporation into a more comprehensive reform project containing many pitfalls, was perceived in Paris as a covert rejection and the beginning of the end of the European Community. When at the end of November 1989 Kohl did perceive this he gave in on the issue of committing to the monetary union. Thus, Kohl and French President François Mitterrand not only succeeded in preventing the European unification process from being compromised by German re-unification, but were even able to give fresh impetus to this process.
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