BRAIN DRAIN AND BRAIN WASTE
2
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
When skilled workers migrate, they face the brain waste risk, i.e., they can end up employed as unskilled. We analyze the effects of brain waste on brain drain, resulting from low international transferability of skills. We show that this type of brain waste: (1) reduces education incentives; (2) weakens the chances for a positive self-selection; and (3) decreases the possibility of a brain gain. In addition, the effectiveness of education policies that subsidize students is reduced under the presence of brain waste. Results are robust to introducing different migration costs for the skilled and the unskilled.
Abstract
When skilled workers migrate, they face the brain waste risk, i.e., they can end up employed as unskilled. We analyze the effects of brain waste on brain drain, resulting from low international transferability of skills. We show that this type of brain waste: (1) reduces education incentives; (2) weakens the chances for a positive self-selection; and (3) decreases the possibility of a brain gain. In addition, the effectiveness of education policies that subsidize students is reduced under the presence of brain waste. Results are robust to introducing different migration costs for the skilled and the unskilled.
참고문헌 (82)
- Aldashev, A., "The Immigrant-Native Wage Gap in Germany", Journal of Economics and Statistics, 232, pp.490~517 (2012)
- Azarnert, L., "Is Skilled Immigration Always Good for Growth in the Receiving Economy?", Economics Letters, 108, pp.116~118 (2010)
- Azarnert, L., "Free Education, Fertility and Human Capital Accumulation", Journal of Population Economics, 23, pp.449~468 (2010)
- Azarnert, L., "Guest-worker Migration, Human Capital and Fertility", Review of Development Economics, 16, pp.318~330 (2012)
- Azarnert, L., "Male versus Female Guest-Worker Migration: Does it Matter for Fertility in the Source Country?", Research in Economics, 66, pp.1~6 (2012)
- Baker, B., "The Performance of Immigrants in the Canadian Labour Market", Journal of Labor Economics, 12, pp.369~405 (1994)
- Barro, R., "Determinants of Economic Growth" (1997), MIT Press
- Becker, G., "Underinvestment in College Education?", American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings, 50, pp.346~354 (1960)
- Beine, M., "Brain Drain and Economic Growth : Theory and Evidence", Journal of Development Economics, 64, pp.275~289 (2001)
- Beine, M., "Brain Drain and LDC’s Growth: Winners and Losers?", Economic Journal, 118, pp.631~652 (2008)
- Benabou, R., "Equity and Efficiency in Human Capital Investments : The Local Connection", Review of Economic Studies, 63, pp.237~264 (1996)
- Bhagwati, J., "The Brain Drain, International Integration of Markets for Professionals and Unemployment", Journal of Development Economics, 1, pp.19~43 (1974)
- Bleakley, H., "Language Skills and Earnings : Evidence from Childhood Immigrants", Review of Economics and Statistics, 86, pp.481~496 (2004)
- Bloom, D., "The Changing Labour Market Position of Canadian Immigrants", Canadian Journal of Economics, 28, pp.987~1005 (1995)
- Borjas, G., "Assimilation, Changes in Cohort Quality, and the Earnings of Immigrants", Journal of Labor Economics, 3, pp.463~489 (1985)
- Borjas, G., "Self-Selection and the Earnings of Immigrants", American Economic Review, 77, pp.531~544 (1987)
- Borjas, G., "Assimilation and Changes in Cohort Quality Revisited: What Happened to Immigrant Earnings in the 1980s?", Journal of Labor Economics, 13, pp.201~245 (1995)
- Bratsberg, B., "School Quality and Returns to Education of U. S. Immigrants", Economic Inquiry, 40, pp.177~198 (2002)
- Butcher, K., "The Immigrant and Native-Born Wage Distributions : Evidence from United States Censuses", Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 56, pp.97~121 (2002)
- Carneiro, A., "Immigrants at New Destinations : How They Fare and Why", Journal of Population Economics, 25, pp.1165~1185 (2012)
- Chiswick, B., "The Effect of Americanization on the Earnings of Foreign Born Men", Journal of Political Economy, 86, pp.897~921 (1978)
- Chiswick, B., "The Earnings of White and Coloured Male Immigrants in Britain", Economica, 47, pp.81~87 (1980)
- Chiswick, B., "Is the New Immigration Less Skilled Than the Old?", Journal of Labor Economics, 4, pp.168~192 (1986)
- Chiswick, B. R., "Immigrant Generation and Income in Australia", Economic Record, 61, pp.540~553 (1985)
- The International Transferability of Immigrants’ Human Capital Skills, "Chiswick, B.", ~, pp.IZA Discussion Paper, 2670 (2007)
- Chiswick, B., "Why is the Payoff to Schooling Smaller for Immigrants?", Labour Economics, 15, pp.1317~1340 (2008)
- Chiswick, B., "Occupational Attainment and Immigrant Economic Progress in Australia", Economic Record, 84, pp.45~56 (2008)
- Chiswick, B., "Earnings and Occupational Attainment among Immigrants", Industrial Relations, 48, pp.454~465 (2009)
- Cohen-Goldner, S., "Labor Mobility of Immigrants : Training, Experience, Language, And Opportunities", International Economic Review, 49, pp.837~872 (2008)
- Coniglio, N., "Intentions to Return of Clandestine Migrants : The Perverse Effect of Illegality on Skills", Review of Development Economics, 13, pp.641~657 (2009)
- Cox Edwards, A., "International Migration, Remittances and Schooling: Evidence from El Salvador", Journal of Development Economics, 72, pp.429~461 (2003)
- Migrant Opportunity and the Educational Attainment of Youth in Rural China, "De Brauw, A.", ~, pp.IZA Discussion Paper, 2326 (2006)
- De la Croix, D., "Public versus Private Education When Differential Fertility Matters", Journal of Development Economics, 73, pp.607~629 (2004)
- Docquier, F., "Skilled Migration:Prospects, Problems and Policies" (2007), Russell Sage Foundation
- Docquier, F., "The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics" (2008), Palgrave Macmillan
- Docquier, F., "Globalization, Brain Drain and Development", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 50, pp.681~730 (2012)
- The Wage Effects of Immigration and Emigration, "Docquier, F.", ~, pp.NBER Working Paper, 16646 (2010)
- Dustmann, C., "Return Migration : Theory and Evidence from the UK", British Journal of Industrial Relations, 45, pp.236~256 (2007)
- Egger, H., "Endogenous Skill Formation and the Source Country Effects of Skilled Labor Emigration from Developing Countries", Journal of Economics and Statistics, 229, pp.706~729 (2009)
- Epstein, G., "The King Never Emigrates", Review of Development Economics, 3, pp.107~121 (1999)
- Fassman, H., "Forgetting Skills at Borderline : Foreign Job-Seekers on the Viennese Labour Market", Studi Emigrazione, 117, pp.78~89 (1995)
- Fernández, C., "Labor Market Assimilation of Immigrants in Spain: Employment at the Expense of Bad Job-Matches?", Spanish Economic Review, 10, pp.83~107 (2008)
- Ferrer, A., "Education, Credentials and Immigrant Earnings", Canadian Journal of Economics, 41, pp.186~216 (2008)
- Friedberg, R., "You Can’t Take it With You? Immigrant Assimilation and the Portability of Human Capital", Journal of Labor Economics, 18, pp.221~251 (2000)
- Funkhouser, E., "The Labor Market Skills of Recent Male Immigrants : Evidence from the Current Population Survey", Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 48, pp.792~811 (1995)
- Galor, O., "The Distribution of Human Capital and Economic Growth", Journal of Economic Growth, 2, pp.93~124 (1997)
- Gibson, J., "Eight Questions about Brain Drain", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25, pp.107~128 (2011)
- Haley, M., "The Skill Transferability of High-Skilled US Immigrants", Applied Economics Letters, 18, pp.633~636 (2011)
- Hersch, J., "Profiling the New Immigrant Worker : The Effects of Skin Color and Height", Journal of Labor Economics, 26, pp.345~386 (2008)
- Heuer, N., "Occupation-Specific South-North Migration", Tübinger Diskussionsbeitrag, 328 (2011)
- Hiris, L., "The Determinants of East-West Labour Migration in the Context of EU Enlargement", PhD, pp.2004
- Hryniewicz, J., "The Brain Drain in Poland, Université de Varsovie, Institut Européen de Développement Régional et Local", Etudes Régionales et Locales, 9 (1992)
- Kaarsen, N., "Cross-Country Differences in the Quality of Schooling", Journal of Development Economics, 107, pp.215~224 (2014)
- Kanbur, R., "Migration Selectivity and the Evolution of Spatial Inequality", Journal of Economic Geography, 5, pp.43~57 (2005)
- Kandel, W., "The Impact of Temporary Labor Migration on Mexican Children’s Educational Aspirations and Performance", International Migration Review, 35, pp.1205~1231 (2001)
- Kostenko, W., "Occupational Transition and Countryof-Origin Effects in the Early Stage Occupational Assimilation of Immigrants : Some Evidence from Australia", Applied Economics, 44, pp.4019~4035 (2012)
- Li, Q., "The Quality of Immigrant Source Country Educational Outcomes: Do they Matter in the Receiving Country?", Labour Economics, 26, pp.81~93 (2014)
- Lien, D., "Quality-Assurance Programs and the Brain Drain", Education Economics, 1, pp.59~73 (2008)
- Mane, K., "Human Capital and Wages : A Comparison of Albanian and Italian Immigrants", The Annals of Regional Science, 51, pp.53~72 (2013)
- Mattoo, A., "Brain Waste? Educated Immigrants in the US Labor Market", Journal of Development Economics, 87, pp.255~269 (2008)
- Mayr, K., "Return Migration as Channel of Brain Gain", CReAM Discussion Paper, ~ (2008)
- Mckenzie, D., "Can Migration Reduce Educational Attainments? Evidence from Mexico", Journal of Population Economics, 24, pp.1331~1358 (2011)
- Michael, M., "Welfare Effects of Immigration Policies in the Presence of Skilled, Unskilled Labor and Capital Mobility", Review of Development Economics, 15, pp.651~663 (2011)
- Morand, O., "Endogenous Fertility, Income Distribution, and Growth", Journal of Economic Growth, 4, pp.331~349 (1999)
- Mountford, A., "Can a Brain Drain be Good for Growth in the Source Economy?", Journal of Development Economics, 53, pp.287~314 (1997)
- Phan, D., "Migration and Credit Constraints : Theory and Evidence from Vietnam", Review of Development Economics, 16, pp.31~44 (2012)
- Reitz, J., "Immigrant Skill Utilization in the Canadian Labour Market : Implications of Human Capital Research", Journal of International Migration and Integration, 2, pp.347~378 (2001)
- Brain Gain: Claims about Its Size and Impact on Welfare and Growth Are Greatly Exaggerated, "Schiff, M.", ~, pp.IZA Discussion Paper, 1599 (2005)
- Schoeni, R., "New Evidence on the Economic Progress of Foreign-Born Men in the 1970s and 1980s", The Journal of Human Resources, 32, pp.683~740 (1997)
- Sjaastad, L., "The Costs and Returns of Human Migration", Journal of Political Economy, 70, pp.80~93 (1962)
- Stark, O., "A Brain Gain with Brain Drain", Economics Letters, 55, pp.227~234 (1997)
- Stark, O., "Inducing Human Capital Formation : Migration as a Substitute for Subsidies", Journal Public Economics, 86, pp.29~46 (2002)
- Immigrant Source Country Educational Quality and Canadian Labour Market Outcomes, "Sweetman, A.", ~, pp.Statistics Canada Working Paper, 234 (2004)
- Tamura, R., "Income Convergence in an Endogenous Growth Model", Journal of Political Economy, 99, pp.522~540 (1991)
- Tamura, R., "From Decay to Growth : A Demographic Transition to Economic Growth", Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 20, pp.1237~1261 (1996)
- "Migration to the United States : Under-age and on the Move" (2014)[URL]
- Viaene, J., "Capital Market Integration, Growth and Income Distribution", European Economic Review, 46, pp.301~327 (2002)
- Viaene, J., "Public Education under Capital Mobility", Journal of Economic Dynamics & Control, 26, pp.2005~2036 (2002)
- Vidal, J. -P., "The Effect of Emigration on Human Capital Formation", Journal of Population Economics, 11, pp.589~600 (1998)
- World Bank, "Global Economic Prospects : Economic Implications of Remittances and Migration" (2006), World Bank
- Wright, R., "Immigration Policy and Immigrant Quality : Empirical Evidence from Canada", Journal of Population Economics, 6, pp.337~352 (1993)
- Yamauchi, F., "Are Experience and Schooling Complementary? Evidence from Migrants’ Assimilation in the Bangkok Labor Market", Journal of Development Economics, 74, pp.489~513 (2004)
