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미국과 유럽연합(EU)의 공급망 복원력 강화 정책과 패러다임에 관한 비교연구: 인플레이션감축법(IRA)과 핵심원자재법(CRMA)의 사례

Policy Paradigm of Building Resilient Global Supply Chains: A Comparative Analysis of US and EU Approaches

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이 연구는 글로벌 공급망이 다원화, 재편 등의 압력에 처하게 된 과정과 주요 이슈들을 분석하고, 이를 위해 미국과 유럽연합(EU)의 공급망 복원력 강화 정책을 분석하였다. 구체적인 사례로는 미국의 인플레이션감축법(IRA)과 EU의 핵심원자재(CRMA)를 분석하고, 공급망 강화 정책에 있어 공통점과 차이점을 분석하였다. 미국의 공급망 강화 정책은 공급망을 국내로 내재화하려는 의도가 뚜렷이 나타난다. 일례로 IRA 법안은 세부 지원에 있어 미국산 배터리와 전기차에 세제 혜택을 통한 배타적 지원을 제공하고 있고, 차별적 조치를 통해 사실상 중국산 배터리 사용을 견제한다. EU의 공급망 강화 정책은 그 방향에 있어 미국과 유사하다. 그러나 리쇼어링을 통해 공급망을 국내로 끌어오기보다는 해외의존도를 통제가 가능한 수준으로 줄여 전략적 자율성을 확보하는 데 목적이 있다. CRMA는 그린딜, 디지털 전환 등 EU의 정책목표 달성에 필요한 산업에 있어 핵심원자재의 안정적인 공급을 보장하는 것이 목적이다. 미국과 EU의 공급망 정책은 양측의 시장 규모와 국제적 영향력을 고려할 때 전 세계에 영향을 미친다. 또한 공급망 강화 정책에 경제와 안보 문제가 동시에 고려된다는 점에서 산업 및 통상 정책의 영역을 넘어 전방위적인 파급효과가 예상된다. 이 연구를 통해 도출할 수 있는 정책시사점은 다음과 같다. 우선 공급망 경쟁이 완전한 디커플링을 의미하지는 않으므로 경쟁과 협력을 관리할 수 있는 접근방식이 필요하다. 이는 정부와 기업에 있어 더욱 정교한 공급망 대응 정책을 요구한다. 또한 공급망 관련 국제 논의에 적극적으로 참여할 필요가 있으며, 전 산업군에 걸쳐 최소한의 공급망 안정을 위한 복안을 갖춰야 한다.

Abstract

The global supply chain is facing serious challenges in stability due to a series of events such as the US-China hegemonic race and the COVID-19 pandemic. This study analyzes the process and major issues in which the global supply chain has been subjected to pressures such as diversification and reorganization, and examines the policies of the United States and the European Union (EU) in building resilient supply chains. As specific examples, this study analyzes the US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and the EU's Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA). The US policy tends to focus on reorganizing or domesticating the supply chain. The IRA provides exclusive support through tax benefits to US-made batteries and electric vehicles, discriminates against vehicles that include foreign-made batteries. The EU's policy is similar to that of the US in its direction, but aims to secure strategic autonomy by reducing dependence on foreign countries to a controllable level rather than domesticating the supply chain. The purpose of CRMA is to ensure a stable supply of key raw materials for industries necessary to achieve EU policy goals such as the Green Deal and digital transformation. Supply chain policies in the US and EU are bound to have global implications given their market size and international influence. The policy implications from this study are as follows: first of all, supply chain competition does not imply complete decoupling, so an approach that accommodates "managed globalization" where competition and cooperation coexist is needed. This calls for more sophisticated supply chain policies from governments and businesses. Furthermore, there is a need to actively participate in international discussions related to supply chains, and plans for the stability of supply chains should be prepared across all industries.

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