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코로나19와 마스크: 한국과 미국을 중심으로 본 마스크 착용에서의 동서양 문화차이

COVID-19 and Face Masks: East-West Cultural Differences in Wearing Face Masks in Public

나진경|강민혜|정찬문
한국사회및성격심리학회|2021.11|한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 (Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology)|제35권 제4호|pp. 77-103|DOI 10.21193/kjspp.2021.35.4.004

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코로나19COVID-19집단주의Collectivism개인주의Cultural DifferenceIndividualism마스크문화차이Face Masks
주제분류심리과학

초록

2019년 11월 중국 후베이성 우한시에서 첫 사례가 보고된 이후 신종 코로나 바이러스, COVID-19는 인류에 큰 위협이 되어 왔다. 코로나 확산을 막을 수 있는 다양한 방법 중에서도 마스크 착용이 가장 효과적인 방안으로 인식되고 있다. 하지만 초기에는 혼란이 많았고, 특히 서구권의 국가에서는 동아시아 국가들과는 달리 마스크 착용 반대 시위들이 잦았다. 이를 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 마스크 착용과 관련된 문화차이를 탐색하였다. 구체적으로 집단의 조화와 타인과의 관계를 중시하는 집단주의 문화에서는 마스크 착용 빈도가 높고 사회적 요인이 마스크 착용에 개인주의 문화에서보다 더 큰 영향을 주는 반면, 개인의 독립성과 선택이 중시하는 개인주의 문화에서는 마스크 착용 의도가 상대적으로 낮고 개인적 요인이 마스크 착용에 집단주의 문화에서보다 더 중요한 역할을 하는지 검증하였다. 연구 결과, 마스크 착용 빈도와 의도는 미국 참가자들과 비교해 한국 참가자들 사이에서 높게 나타났다. 또한, 마스크 착용에 있어서 사회적 요인은 미국보다 한국에서 더 크게, 개인적 요인은 한국보다 미국에서 더 중요하게 인식되는 것으로 확인되었다. 더욱이 비말 차단 기능이 없어서 코로나 예방 효과가 전혀 없는 마스크를 착용할 의향도 한국에서 상대적으로 더 높게 관찰되었는데, 이 결과도 마스크의 기능과 관련 없이 다른 사람에게 어떻게 보이는지가 한국 참가자들에게 중요하다는 것을 보여준다. 끝으로, 마스크 착용 의향과 코로나 예방 기능이 없는 마스크 착용에서 나타난 문화차이 모두는 사회적 요인을 중요하게 생각하는 정도에서 나타난 문화차이에 의해 매개되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 집단주의 문화 성향이 코로나19의 확산을 저지하는 데 도움이 될 수 있으며, 코로나19 같은 집단적 위기 상황에서는 문화적으로 적합한 대응이 필요하다는 것을 시사한다.

Abstract

COVID-19 continues to be a threat to humanity since its first reported case in Wuhan, China in November 2019. Among various countermeasures to combat COVID-19, face masks are known to be the most effective method. However, there was much confusion in the earlier stages of the pandemic, and especially in the West, protests against wearing masks were frequent unlike in the East. Based on this phenomenon, the current research investigated the cultural difference related to wearing face masks in the pandemic. Specifically, we hypothesized that in collective cultures that value ingroup harmony and good relationships with others, people would wear face masks more frequently and would be influenced by social factors more compared to individualistic cultures. We also hypothesized that in individualistic cultures that value independence and choice, people would wear masks less and would consider personal factors more importantly compared to collectivistic cultures. The results showed that the frequency and intention to wear masks were higher in Koreans compared to Americans. Also, Koreans considered social factors more importantly compard to Americans, and Americans weighed personal factors greater compared to Koreans. Furthermore, the frequency of actually wearing a mask and the intention to wear a non-functioning mask were mediated by the degree of the social factor’s importance. The results of this study suggest that promoting collectivism can help deter COVID-19 and that culturally appropriate measures are necessary for collective crises like COVID-19.

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