일본 나라[奈良] 하세데라[長谷寺] 십일면관음상 연구

Abstract

This paper tries to re-examine the iconographic features of the Eleven-Headed Avalokiteśvara of Hasedera(長谷寺) at Nara in Japan and to reveal the complexities of repl ication. First made in 727 A.D., the gigantic wooden statue has been widely worshiped for a long time in Japan. However, the original statue was destroyed in 944, and the current one was established in 1538. It has a unique appearance of standing on a square pedestal with a staff(khakkhara) in its right hand. From the origin narrative(緣起), it can be seen that the square pedestal is an element that emphasizes the spirituality of the statue, whereas the most noticeable element, staff, is not presented in the origin narrative and sutra, so the origin is unclear. Nevertheless, previous studies dealing with the iconography of the Hasedera statue mainly explored the religious meaning of staff, which stems from the standpoint of art historians. This paper critically reconsiders the meaning of staff and emphasizes that the important element in the statue was the square pedestal. There are many statues of Eleven-Headed Avalokitesvara with a staff in Japan, as like the Hasedera statue. Japanese scholars call these "Hasedera-style" and regard them as the replications of the Hasedera statue. However, the relationship between the "Hasedera-style" and Hasedera statue has not yet been fully considered. This paper critic ally considers the relationship and examines the diversity and complexity of the replication. It is argued that the replication mainly relies on the original iconography, but that the "Hasedera-style" does not represents all of the replicas. With three selected examples, this paper proposes that various factors such as the size, legend, place of enshrinement, and material of the original statue were regarded as significant elements that constitute replication.