본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

중국 권위주의적 환경주의 모델 비판: 중국의 기후변화와 환경 거버넌스의 한계

Critique of China's Authoritarian Environmentalism: Limitations of Climate Change and Environmental Governance in China

0

조회

0

다운로드

5

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류중국어와문학

초록

이 논문의 목적은 중국의 권위주의적 환경주의 모델에서 정책투입의 실제 성과를 지속 가능할 수 없게 만드는 요인을 설명하는 것이다. 구체적으로 중국 정부가 기후변화에 대해 신속하고 종합적인 반응을 시행하는데도 불구하고 2018년 상반기 이산화탄소 배출량 증가율은 오히려 상승하는 기대하지 않았던 결과가 나오는 이유를 해명하는 것이다. 따라서 본 논문은 권위주의적 환경주의 모델의 정책 투입에서 실제 결과로 가는 과정에서 어떤 일반화된 문제가 발생했을 때 기대했던 성과로 귀결되지 못하도록 만드는지를 규명하는데 초점을 맞출 것이다. 결론적으로 본 논문은 중국 권위주의적 환경주의 모델이 중앙-지방 관계, 지방-지방 관계와 국가-사회관계에서 인식론적 문제와 권력 구조 불평등에 직면할 때 실제 기대했던 결과를 얻지 못한다고 주장할 것이다. 이러한 문제의 대표적인 사례는 인식론적 문제의 경우 지방 정부의 통계 산정 오류 및 조작, 중앙과 지방 부처들 사이의 정책 조율 실패 및 정책 간 정합성 불일치 문제를 포함하고, 국가-사회 관계에서 기업과 사회 참여의 한계, 중앙-지방 관계에서 캠페인식 정책 집행, 그리고 지방-지방 관계에서 지역별 격차 심화와 탄소 누출 등의 다양한 사례가 있다.

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to explain the factors that make the actual outcomes of climate change policy inputs unsustainable in China's authoritarian environmentalism model. Specifically, it explains why the unexpected results of the rapidly increased carbon dioxide emissions happened in the first half of 2018, despite the rapid and comprehensive response to climate change by the Chinese government. Therefore, this paper examines whether the inputs of a fast and comprehensive policy response cannot result in actual outcomes when some generalized problems arise in the authoritarian environmentalism model. In conclusion, this paper argues that the Chinese authoritarian environmentalism model does not achieve the expected results when confronted with epistemological problems and power structure inequality in the central-local, inter-jurisdictional and state-society relations. The main examples of these limitations include problems of local governments' information manipulation, policy coordination failure between central and local bureaucracies, inconsistency between various policy goals in terms of epistemological problems, and limitations of corporate and social participation in state-society relations, campaign-style policy enforcement in central-local relations, increased regional gap and carbon leakage in terms of inter-jurisdictional relations.

참고문헌 (55)

  1. 김동원, "개발도상국의 기후변화적응과 개발 간 통합모형에 관한 연구", 한국행정연구, 27(2), pp.243~275 (2018), 한국행정연구원[DOI]
  2. 신상범, "배출권 거래제도를 통해 본 지구기후변화정치 : 중국을 중심으로", 아세아연구, 53(3), pp.111~138 (2010), 아세아문제연구원
  3. 이재영, "파리협정 이후 중국 기후변화대응 정책에 영향을 미치는 요인: 대내외적 변수를 중심으로", 현대중국연구, 20(1), pp.39~87 (2018), 현대중국학회[DOI]
  4. 이재영, "파리협정 이후 중국 기후변화 거버넌스의 발전요인:중국 지방 관료의 정치․재정적 인센티브 강화를 중심으로", 중소연구, 42(2), pp.221~284 (2018), 아태지역연구센터[DOI]
  5. 조정원, "중국에서의 환경정책 도입 및 확산의 실패와 한계-탄소 배출권 거래를 중심으로", 세계정치, 17, pp.55~93 (2012)
  6. 조형진, "중국의 사회조직 정책 전환과 국가-사회 관계의 보수화: 2016년 관련 법률의 제·개정을 중심으로", 한국정치연구, 26(3), pp.361~388 (2017), 한국정치연구소[DOI]
  7. Ahlers, A. L., "Breathe Easy? Local Nuances of Authoritarian Environmentalism in China's Battle against Air Pollution", The China Quarterly, 234, pp.299~319 (2018)
  8. Beeson, M., "The coming of environmental authoritarianism", Environmental Politics, 19(2), pp.276~294 (2010)
  9. Beeson, M., "Coming to Terms with the Authoritarian Alternative: The Implications and Motivations of China's Environmental Policies", Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 5(1), pp.34~46 (2018)
  10. Chen, G. C., "The New, Green, Urbanization in China: Between Authoritarian Environmentalism and Decentralization", Chinese Political Science Review, 3(2), pp.212~231 (2018)
  11. "2018: the year of fake economic data" (2018)[URL]
  12. Dean, Judith M., "Are foreign investors attracted to weak environmental regulations? Evaluating the evidence from China", Journal of Development Economics, 90, pp.1~13 (2009)
  13. Eaton, Sarah, "Central protectionism in China: The “central SOE problem” in environmental governance", The China Quarterly, 231, pp.685~704 (2017)
  14. Eaton, S., "Authoritarian environmentalism undermined? Local leaders’ time horizons and environmental policy implementation in China", The China Quarterly, 218, pp.359~380 (2014)
  15. Eaton, S., "What makes for good and bad neighbors? An emerging research agenda in the study of Chinese environmental politics", Environmental Politics, pp.1~22 (2018)
  16. Eriksen, S. H., "Reframing adaptation: The political nature of climate change adaptation", Global Environmental Change, 35, pp.523~533 (2015)
  17. Gilley, B, "Authoritarian environmentalism and China's response to climate change", Environmental Politics, 21(2), pp.287~307 (2012)
  18. "Why China’s Good Environmental Policies Have Gone Wrong" (2018)[URL]
  19. "打造全国碳市场,中国需要更大雄心" (2017)[URL]
  20. Ho, Peter, "Greening without conflict? Environmentalism, NGOs and civil society inChina", Development and Change, 32(5), pp.893~921 (2001)
  21. Jing, Jun, "Chinese Society", pp.222~240 (2003), Routledge
  22. Kennedy, J. J, "State Capacity and Cadre Mobilization in China: The Elasticity of Policy Implementation", Journal of Contemporary China, 27(111), pp.393~405 (2018)
  23. Kostka, Genia, "Command without control: the case of China's environmental target system", Regulation & Governance, 10(1), pp.58~74 (2016)
  24. Kostka, Genia, "Routledge Handbook of Environmental Policy in China", pp.55~71 (2017), Routledge
  25. Kostka, Genia, "Tightening the grip: environmental governance under Xi Jinping", Environmental Politics, 27(5), pp.769~781 (2018)
  26. Li, Mingwei, "Air quality co-benefits of carbon pricing in China", Nature Climate Change, 8, pp.398~403 (2018)
  27. Li, Q., "Democracy and environmental degradation", International Studies Quarterly, 50(4), pp.935~956 (2006)
  28. Li, Wanxin, "Getting their voices heard: Three cases of public participation in environmental protection in China", Journal of Environmental Management, 98, pp.65~72 (2012)
  29. "China fake data mask economic rebound" (2018)[URL]
  30. "China Cancels 103 Coal Plants, Mindful of Smog and Wast ed Capacity" (2017)[URL]
  31. Mu, R., "Bounded Rationality in the Developmental Trajectory of Environmental Target Policy in China, 1972–2016", Sustainability, 10(1), pp.199~ (2018)
  32. Nahm, J., "Exploiting the implementation gap: policy divergence and industrial upgrading in China's wind and solar sectors", The China Quarterly, 231, pp.705~727 (2017)
  33. Pan, J, "Concealing Corruption: How Chinese Officials Distort Upward Reporting of Online Grievances", American Political Science Review, pp.1~19 (2018)
  34. China’s New National Carbon Market, "Pizer, W. A.", Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions, ~ (2018)
  35. Rooij, Benjamin, "The authoritarian logic of regulatory pluralism: Understanding China's new environmental actors", Regulation & Governance, 10(1), pp.3~13 (2016)
  36. Sam Geall, "Clear waters and green mountains: Will Xi Jinping take the lead on climate change?" (2017), Lowy Institute’s Analysis
  37. Schienke, Erich W, "China’s Responsibility for Climate Change: Ethics, Fairness and Environmental Policy", pp.123~146 (2011), Policy Press
  38. Schwartz, Jonathan, "Environmental NGOs in China: roles and limits", Pacific Affairs, pp.28~49 (2004)
  39. Stalley, Phillip, "An emerging environmental movement in China?", The China Quarterly, 186, pp.333~356 (2006)
  40. Shan, Yuli, "New provincial CO2 emission inventories in China based on apparent energy consumption data and updated emission factors", Applied Energy, 184, pp.742~750 (2016)
  41. Shan, Yuli, "China CO2 emission accounts 1997–2015", Scientific data, 5(170201) (2018)
  42. Sun, Xiaoyi, "Dynamic Political Opportunities and Environmental Forces Linking up: A Case Study of Anti-PX Contention in Kunming", Journal of Contemporary China, 26(106), pp.536~548 (2017)
  43. Tang, Shui-Yan, "Civic environmental NGOs, civil society, and democratisation in China", The Journal of Development Studies, 44(3), pp.425~448 (2008)
  44. Tong, Yanqi, "Large-scale mass incidents and government responses in China", International Journal of China Studies, 1(2), pp.487~508 (2010)
  45. Wu, Haoyi, "Westward movement of new polluting firms in China: Pollution reduction mandates and location choice", Journal of Comparative Economics, 45(1), pp.119~138 (2017)
  46. "As Pollution Worsens in China, Solutions Succumb to Infighting" (2013)[URL]
  47. Yang, Guobin, "Environmental NGOs and institutional dynamics in China", The China Quarterly, 181, pp.46~66 (2005)
  48. Zeng, J., "Did policy experimentation in China always seek efficiency? A case study of Wenzhou financial reform in 2012", Journal of Contemporary China, 24(92), pp.338~356 (2015)
  49. "为何几省份自曝GDP“注水”?来自中央与现实双重压力" (2018)[URL]
  50. 成艾华, "基于偏离份额分析的中国区域间产业转移与污染转移的定量测度", 中国人口·단源与环境, 28(5), pp.49~57 (2018)
  51. "还有哪些省份经济数据造假?" (2018)[URL]
  52. "三省市自曝GDP造假的原因是啥?这篇文章说清楚了" (2018)[URL]
  53. "辽宁省官方首次对外确认:2011至2014年存在财政数据造假" (2017)[URL]
  54. 张海滨, "中国与国际气候变化谈判", 国际政治研究, (1) (2007)
  55. "中国新闻周刊 第10期" (2018)[URL]

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (11건)