문자자료를 활용한 발해사 연구의 새로운 가능성 검토 -위준, 효의황후, 순목황후, 진만 묘지명을 중심으로-

Abstract

In the study of ancient Korean history, the study using epigraphs became a trend. Recently, a number of epigraphs related to Balhae have also been identified. So, The possibility of a new study of Balhae history using this was confirmed. In this article, I introduced the writings of the tombstones of Wi Jun(韋俊, Ch. Wei Jun), Empress Hyoui(孝懿), Empress Sunmok(順穆), and Jin Man(陳萬, Ch. Chen Wan), and reviewed the new possibilities of the study of Balhae history. Wi Jun was the governor of Dengzhou(登州刺史) of the Tang Dynasty, who died in a surprise attack by the Balhae navy led by Jang Munhyu(張文休) in 732. He was in charge of imperial demonstrations at the center for a long time, and became a regional minister for the first time in his 50s. After he was 55 years old, he became the governor of Dengzhou and was killed in action at the age of 57. The discovery of his tombstone made it possible to understand the overall war between Balhae and the Tang in the 730s. In addition, new research possibilities can be confirmed through a microscopic approach, such as the naval power and nature of the Balhae naval force, the military power and defense system of the Dengzhou region, and the role in the relationship between Balhae and the Tang of the governor of Dengzhou. Only very brief information was known about the two empress‘s tombstone of Balhae, Empress Hyoui of King Mun(文王), and Empress Sunmok of King Gan(簡王), discovered in Longtoushan(龍頭山) Balhae Tombs, and there were many controversies. Recently, in Zhang Fuyou(張福有)’s article (2023), it was revealed that Empress Hyoui's surname was Han(韓), and she died in the 2nd year of Boryeok(寶曆, 775) and was buried at Jinneungdae(珍陵台). And Empress Sunmok died in “Seonbi(鮮卑, Ch. Xianbei) Bulisanwon(不易山原)” on “24th day of the fourth month of the 2nd year of ▨▨”, not in the 12th year of Geonheung(建興, 829). If the official excavation report of the Yongdusan Ancient Tombs is published and the two tombstones are made public, future research will be possible on various topics such as the founding site of Balhae, the royal tombs location, the royal system, relationships with northern peoples, internal situations, and funeral rites. The Jin Man’s tombstone has been confirmed as authentic by Yan Wanzhang(閻萬章) since the 1980s. Jin Man served as the governor of Zhuozhou(涿州刺史) under King Jin(晉王) Lee Jonwook(李存勖, Ch. Li Cunxu), but was taken prisoner in 918 at the age of 40 and followed So Agoji(蕭阿古只, Ch. Xiao Aguzhi) into the Khitan. The Jin Man’s tombstone is drawing attention for articles on the Balhae attack of the Khitan in 923 and 925, which are not confirmed in the Liaoshi(遼史, History of the Liao). As such, the Jin Man’s tombstone provides new information on the process of the collapse of Balhae, which can be used for research on the conflict between Balhae and the Khitan, the process of entering the fluctuations of the Khitan, and the operation of the Dongdanguk(東丹國). As can be seen from the above case, Balhae also uses epigraph texts to examine various topics that remain blank. This method is thought to be helpful in revitalizing the research of Balhae history, which has been stagnant due to lack of feed.