무선 이동통신 채널의 특성 및 표준화 동향
Property and Standardization of Wireless Communication Channels
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초록
이동통신 시스템을 설계하는데 정확한 채널 정보는 필수적이다. 셀룰러 기반의 이동통신 시스템이 빠르게 발전함과 더불어 무선 채널에 대한 연구 또한 활발하게 진행되어 왔다. 경로 손실은 가장 기본적인 채널 파라미터로서 초창기부터 많이 다루어졌고, 이후 다중경로 채널의 정확한 모사가 중요해짐에 따라 채널 임펄스 응답을 통하여 시간 지연과 페이딩 특성 등을 분석하였다. 하지만 실제 모든 통신 환경에 대하여 직접 측정할 수는 없기 때문에, 환경의 일부를 측정하고 분석하는 통계적 방법이나 모의실험을 통한 확정적 방법 등을 통하여 특정 환경을 대표할 수 있는 채널 모델을 만들어 활용하게 되었다. Okumura와Hata, COST-231 등의 초기 채널 모델은 환경에 따라 쉽게 적용 가능한 경로 손실 모델로서 널리 활용되었고, 이후에는 통신시스템의 넓은 주파수 대역, 다중 안테나 등을 고려한 채널 임펄스 응답 모델로서 SCM과 SCME, WINNER Phase I과 II 모델등이 단계적으로 제시되었다. 차세대 무선 이동통신에서는 지금보다 훨씬 높은 데이터 전송률을 목표로 하기 때문에 보다 넓은주파수 대역이 필요할 것으로 예상하고 있지만, 현재 활용하는 주파수 대역에는 유휴 대역이 많지 않다. 따라서 밀리미터파 대역이 하나의 대안으로 주목을 받고 있지만, 높은 경로 손실과 강한 직진성으로 인한 투과 및 회절 손실, 대기에서의 흡수 등 실제 시스템 적용까지는 여전히 고려해야 할 문제가 많이 남아있다.
Abstract
Accurate channel information is essential fordesigning mobile communication system. The wirelesschannel has been actively investigated with the evolutionof the cellular based mobile system. The major concernof the research is moved from path loss, at the earlystate, to multipath environment. To develop precisemultipath channel model, time delay and fadingphenomenon are analyzed by channel impulse response. To make a wireless channel model, the statisticalmethods that measure channel directly, and thedeterministic methods using simulation are used. Okumura, Hata, and COST-231 are early models utilizedto develop wireless communication systems, and suchmodels are gradually improved to SCM, SCME, WINNERPhase I and II. For the next generation wireless system,millimeter-wave band currently draws much attentiondue to the lack of idle band in present mobile frequencyband. However, many issues still remain to exploit thisband for mobile communication including high pathloss, excessive penetration and diffraction losses, energyabsorption from atmosphere, etc.
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