매슬로 욕구 단계 이론 기반 노인 적응성 거주 공간디자인에 관한 연구 -중국 사례를 중심으로-
A Study on the Design of Adaptable Residential Space for the Elderly Based on Maslow's Desire Stage - with a focus on the Case of China -
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(연구배경 및 목적) 노인 인구의 증가로 인해 주거 환경과 생활 공간의 노인 적응성 거주 공간 디자인에 대한 욕구가 높아지고 있다. 그래서 노인의 주거 환경 문제를 해결하는 것은 노인의 삶의 질을 개선하는 중요한 조건이다. 매슬로 욕구 단계 이론을 활용한 노인 적응성 거주 공간 디자인은 노인의 생리적, 심리적, 사회적 욕구를 더 포괄적으로 파악할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 매슬로 욕구 단계 이론을 바탕으로 노인 적응성 거주 공간 디자인에 적용할 수 있는 이론적 구조를 제시하고, 노인의 주거 환경을 어떻게 최적화할 수 있을지 분석하고 노인의 삶의 질을 전반적으로 향상하는 방법을 모색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. (연구방법) 본 연구에서는 노인 적응성 거주 공간과 매슬로 욕구 단계 이론을 연구 대상으로 하여 이론적 고찰을 통해 노인 적응성 거주 공간과 매슬로 욕구 단계 이론의 개념과 특성을 도출하였다. 그리고 노인 적응성 거주 공간의 특성에 관한 이론 고찰을 바탕으로 FGI(Focus Group Interview)를 이용하여 매슬로 욕구 단계 이론과 노인 적응성 거주 공간의 특성을 검증하여 정리하였고, 사례 분석모형을 제안하여 사례 분석을 진행하였다. (결과) 분석 결과, 첫째, 안전의 욕구(4.41)가 가장 높은 점수를 받았으며, 그중 안전성(4.5) 점수가 가장 높아, 안전한 주거 공간이 노인에게 가장 중요하다는 것을 보여준다. 안전성은 안전의 욕구의 핵심 특성이다. 둘째, 생리적 욕구(4.4)에서 무장애성(4.52) 점수가 가장 높았으며, 무장애 디자인은 노인 적응성 거주 공간 디자인에서 가장 기본적인 설계 욕구이다. 쾌적성(4.43) 디자인은 신체의 노화로 인해 생활이 불편한 노인들에게 신체적 편리함과 심리적 즐거움을 제공할 수 있다. 셋째, 존중의 욕구(4.05)에서 인간화(4.05), 비밀성(4.04), 독립성(4.05) 점수 차이가 크지 않았으며, 이들은 상호 연관성이 있음을 보여준다. 개별화된 디자인을 하면서도 노인의 프라이버시와 생활 독립성을 고려하는 것이 노인의 존중 욕구를 향상하는 데 중요하다. 마지막으로 자아실현의 욕구(3.88)는 상대적으로 점수가 낮지만, 자아실현의 욕구는 노인의 정신생활에 없어서는 안 될 중요한 부분이다. (결론) 본 연구는 매슬로 욕구 단계 이론을 바탕으로 노인 적응성 거주 공간 디자인에서의 핵심 욕구를 탐구하고 이론적 구조를 제시하였다. 이러한 욕구에 맞춰 최적화 전략을 제안했으며, 안전하고 편안한 환경을 제공하여 기본 생리적 욕구를 충족시키고, 안전 보호를 강화하며, 사회적 상호작용을 촉진하고, 개인의 선택을 존중하며 프라이버시를 보호하고, 활동 참여를 장려하여 자아실현의 욕구를 충족시키는 것을 목표로 하였다.
Abstract
(Background and Purpose） With the increasing elderly population, there is a growing demand for elderly adaptive residential space designs in housing environments and living spaces. Solving the issues surrounding the living environment of the elderly is key to improving their quality of life. An adaptive residential space design based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs can comprehensively consider the physiological, psychological, and social needs of older adults. Therefore, this study built a theoretical framework for elderly adaptive residential space design based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs and explored how to optimize the living environments of the elderly based on this theory to comprehensively enhance their quality of life. (Method) This study targeted elderly adaptive residential spaces and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Through theoretical reviews, the definitions and characteristics of elderly adaptive residential spaces and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs were analyzed. Based on prior research on the characteristics of elderly adaptive residential spaces, the focus group interview (FGI) method was employed to verify Maslow's hierarchy of needs in relation to the characteristics of elderly adaptive residential spaces. Using the results of this verification, an analytical model based on comprehensive analysis was proposed to examine various case studies. (Results) The comprehensive analysis showed that the need for safety received the highest score (4.41), with safety scoring the highest (4.5), indicating that a safe living space is of utmost importance to the elderly. Safety is another core security attribute. The second highest score was for physiological needs (4.4), with accessibility receiving the highest score (4.52), highlighting that barrier-free design as the most fundamental requirement in elderly adaptive residential space design. Comfort (4.43) in design can provide physical convenience and emotional pleasure to elderly individuals whose daily lives are affected by the challenges of aging. Third, in terms of the need for respect (4.05), the scores for personalization (4.05), privacy (4.04), and independence (4.05) were closely aligned, suggesting a strong interrelationship between these factors. When implementing personalized designs, it is essential to consider the privacy and independence of elderly individuals to enhance their sense of respect. Finally, the need for self-actualization (3.88) was relatively low, but it remains an essential part of the mental well-being of the elderly. (Conclusions) This study explored the core needs of elderly individuals in elderly adaptive residential space design based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs and built a theoretical framework. In response to these needs, optimization strategies were proposed, including providing safe and comfortable environments to meet basic physiological needs, enhancing safety protection, promoting social interactions, respecting personal choices, safeguarding privacy, and encouraging participation in activities to fulfill the need for self-actualization.
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