고성 문암리유적 출토 석기의 원산지 추정

Abstract

Stone tools are the important materials that show the circulation patterns of social goods in terms of the subsistence economy and the movement of lithic raw materials, but the Neolithic raw material analysis has been confined to obsidian artefacts in Korean archaeology. This paper aims to re-identify the lithic raw materials used for the tools, to evaluate the provenance of the material, and finally to understand the chronological change of the materials uncovered from the Munam-ri site in Goseong. In order to achieve this goal, the microscopic observation and geochemical analysis of the lithic materials were done first; then geological investigation of the site was carried out. Results of analyses show that various lithic materials such as igneous,sedimentary and metamorphic rocks were used for making stone tools. Neolithic mankind generally used black shale for composite fish hooks, and black shale and tuff for both arrow heads and spearheads, because these materials are comparatively soft and highly of fissility to make stone tools efficiently. In addition, they preferred diorite for the axe heads, and hard stones such as granite for the grinding slab. Black shale and volcanic tuff were the main lithic materials of the initial, early and middle Neolithic, but the relative proportion of granite and schist dramatically increased in the middle Neolithic. The incremental use of granite and schist seems to have been related to a sudden increase of fishing net sinkers and grinding slabs during the middle Neolithic phase. The artifacts dominant in the initial and early phases are composite fish hooks, arrowheads, axeheads and flakes,while those in the middle phase are the tools used for fishing and the food processing such as net sinkers, arrowheads and grinding slabs which also promoted the consumption of raw materials such as granite and schist. The provenance areas of these lithic raw materials are widely distributed in the Hwajinpo, Misiryeong and Gangneung as well as nearby the site. Tuffaceous rocks used for the production of axeheads, arrowheads and rubstone are discriminated to ash tuff, lapilli tuff and lapilli stone of the Cretaceous age, and they are distributed extensively in the Misiryeong area which is about 24km apart from the Munam-ri site in a straight line. It seems likely that sandstone used for stone knives is metamorphic sandstone from the metamorphic sedimentary layer in the Hwajinpo area, about 16km north from the site, where phyllite and schist materials were also supplied. On the other hand, black shale for composite fish hooks and arrowheads seems likely to have been originated from black mud sedimentary layer of the Pyeongan Supergroup in the south of Gangneung located at about 65km far south from the Munam-ri site. Considering the limited distance that the settlers in the site could have travelled about 10 to 20km a day, the materials of remote source such as black shale were imported for specific tools through exchange with those who produced the raw materials.