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인터넷 규제와 정치공론장 -구글의 중국 진출 케이스를 중심으로

Internet Regulation and Political Public Spheres: Focusing on Google’s advance into China

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초록

본 연구는 구글 등 인터넷 대기업이 중국정부와의 합의를 통해 자체검열을 한 중국어판을 진출시킨 사례를 인터넷 규제 이론과 연계해 탐구해 보았다. 이를 위해 중국의 인터넷 검열의 현황 및 역사와 배경을 알아보았으며, 이를 미국에서의 인터넷 규제를 둘러싼 논쟁과 비교해 분석하였다. 정부주도의 독점주의적 모델, 시장중심의 자유주의 모델 그리고 공익중심의 참여적 공론장 모델을 중심으로 인터넷 규제의 방향에 대해 탐색해 보았다. 미국과 중국은 방법의 차이가 있지만, 체제안정을 위해 인터넷 정보 흐름을 규제하고 있었다. 특히, 독점적 규제모델을 따르는 중국의 경우 많은 정부기구와 인력이 참여하는 범국가적이며, 정교한 인터넷 검열시스템을 구축하고 있는데, 이를 통해 정치・문화・종교에 이르는 다양한 영역의 사이버 활동에 대한 감시와 검열을 강화하고 있었다. 미국은 정부가 국가안보에 관련된 문제에 대해 인터넷 정보를 감시하고, 규제하는 한편, 시장중심의 자유주의모델과 수정헌법 1조에 근거해 포르노그라피 같은 상업적 정보에 대해서는 탈규제 정책을 유지하고 있었다. 이로 인해 유해한 정보로 부터 아동 보호를 위한 규제조차 위헌으로 규정되는 등 공익보다는 시장과 기업 활동의 자유가 더 보장되는 방향으로 인터넷 규제가 이루어지고 있었다. 이 연구는 사례 분석을 통해 인터넷이 사이버 상의 자치나 해방을 위한 장이 아니라 지배 엘리트인 정치권력과 기업의 헤게모니 강화를 위한 공간으로 이용될 수 있음을 강조하였다.

Abstract

This research explores the process through which Internet corporations, such as Google, was able to expand its business into China by providing the censored Chinese-based google version based on their collaboration with the Chinese government. An analysis was conducted to understand the situation and background of Internet censorship in China in relation to long-terms controversies surrounding Internet censorship and regulation in the United States. Despite some differences, both countries' governments similarly try to monitor and censor Internet information to maintain national security and social order. In particular, following the monopolistic model of Internet regulation in China, wide-ranging government institutions and a numerous number of government personnels are involved to establish a nationwide, sophisticated Internet censorship system to strengthen the monitoring and censorship of cyber-activities in the broad areas of politics, culture and religion. On the other hand, the U.S. government monitors and regulates Internet information related to national security while commercial information, even including pornography, is unregulated for the sake of corporate profit expansion relying on the protection from the First Amendment's rights of free expression. That is, Internet corporations oppose Internet regulation, including efforts to protect children from harmful Internet information, to facilitate corporate profit expansion. The research argues that dominant elite forces, such as political forces and big businesses, actively use and regulate the Internet-based public sphere for their elite interest, rather than facilitating self-government or emancipation in cyberspace.

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