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Hadrian's Eastern policy and the Bar Kokhba War
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After Judaea(a province of the Roman Empire) had been established, three massive wars broke out between the Romans and the Jews. Bar Kokhba war, the last of the three wars, lasted for over 3 years from 132 to 135, when Hadrian ruled the empire. The war costed a great number of casualties on both sides and Hadrian punished the Jews with no mercy. They were expelled from the land and were forbidden to come back, and the name of province was changed from Judaea to SyriaPalaestina. Since then, the Jews did not have had an independent political structure in Judaea until 1948, the founding of Israel. This implicates why this war is important in the Jewish history. However, only little has been known about it in contrast with the First Jewish War. Especially, it was difficult to find the cause of the war because sources have provided different answers. The purpose of this thesis is to explain the proper cause of the Bar Kokhba War by checking the sequence of events from the end of First Jewish War to Hadrian's Judaea policy. Flavian Dynasty's emperors used the victorious fruits of First Jewish War for their propaganda which gave political power to those rulers. They collected Fiscus Judaicus (Jewish tax) from all Jews older than 20 who had resided within the empire, leased all lands of Judaea to matzikin (the ruling class in Judaea), and did not allow the reconstruction of the Temple. Therefore, the Jewish society in Judaea was suppressed by political, religious, and economic measures. The Diasporic War (The Quietus War: 115117), a repugnance against these conditions, ended in the Diasporic Jews' defeat. So, the pressure against the Jews in Judaea became even more severe than before. Hadrian was acutely aware of the importance of the Jewish problem. But he took a negative position against it after the Diasporic War and exchanging views with antiSemitic intellectuals. He had a plan, called 'Panhellenion', to consolidate the ean arButegion of the empire within the Greek culture, and expected the Jewish problem to be solved. Thus Hadrian ordered to rebuild the dewiroyed Jerusalem into Aelia Capitolina, the Roman colonia, and prohibited Jewish circftcision. Naturally, h ordered on ansible reanoe theewiablish a defensive syn amegion o protect the working class from can ration. Unfortunately, Hadrian did not ewismate the repulsive movament of the Jews which led to th oruekpuls. After all, h ocould not prevent the Jews from assembling under Shsmoe Bar Kokhba, the Nasi (ruler)egionmiliiary hero of the Jews, who he took resistance against the Roman authority.
Abstract
After Judaea(a province of the Roman Empire) had been established, three massive wars broke out between the Romans and the Jews. Bar Kokhba war, the last of the three wars, lasted for over 3 years from 132 to 135, when Hadrian ruled the empire. The war costed a great number of casualties on both sides and Hadrian punished the Jews with no mercy. They were expelled from the land and were forbidden to come back, and the name of province was changed from Judaea to SyriaPalaestina. Since then, the Jews did not have had an independent political structure in Judaea until 1948, the founding of Israel. This implicates why this war is important in the Jewish history. However, only little has been known about it in contrast with the First Jewish War. Especially, it was difficult to find the cause of the war because sources have provided different answers. The purpose of this thesis is to explain the proper cause of the Bar Kokhba War by checking the sequence of events from the end of First Jewish War to Hadrian's Judaea policy. Flavian Dynasty's emperors used the victorious fruits of First Jewish War for their propaganda which gave political power to those rulers. They collected Fiscus Judaicus (Jewish tax) from all Jews older than 20 who had resided within the empire, leased all lands of Judaea to matzikin (the ruling class in Judaea), and did not allow the reconstruction of the Temple. Therefore, the Jewish society in Judaea was suppressed by political, religious, and economic measures. The Diasporic War (The Quietus War: 115117), a repugnance against these conditions, ended in the Diasporic Jews' defeat. So, the pressure against the Jews in Judaea became even more severe than before. Hadrian was acutely aware of the importance of the Jewish problem. But he took a negative position against it after the Diasporic War and exchanging views with antiSemitic intellectuals. He had a plan, called 'Panhellenion', to consolidate the ean arButegion of the empire within the Greek culture, and expected the Jewish problem to be solved. Thus Hadrian ordered to rebuild the dewiroyed Jerusalem into Aelia Capitolina, the Roman colonia, and prohibited Jewish circftcision. Naturally, h ordered on ansible reanoe theewiablish a defensive syn amegion o protect the working class from can ration. Unfortunately, Hadrian did not ewismate the repulsive movament of the Jews which led to th oruekpuls. After all, h ocould not prevent the Jews from assembling under Shsmoe Bar Kokhba, the Nasi (ruler)egionmiliiary hero of the Jews, who he took resistance against the Roman authority.
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