환경규제와 기업입지: 연구동향과 문제점
Environmental regulation and corporate location: Reviews and issues
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1970년대 이후 선진국을 중심으로 환경규제가 강화되기 시작하면서, 기업의 경쟁력이 약화될 것이라는 우려와 함께 지역간 환경규제의 차이가 산업입지에 중대한 영향을 미칠 것이라는 사회적 통념이 나타나게 되었다. 본 연구에서는 이와 같은 통념이 학문적으로 주목을 받으면서 성립된 두 가지 가설, 즉 산업탈출가설과 오염도피처가설을 정리하고 이 분야의 연구동향을 연구방법 및 연구성과를 중심으로 고찰하고 장래에 보다 효과적인 연구가 이루어지기 위해서 해결되어야 할 문제점을 지적하였다. 경험적 연구가 시작된 초기에는 대부분의 연구에서 기업입지에 대한 환경규말부터 이 분야에 대한 연구가 급증하면서 연구결과에서도 오염도피처에 대해 혼란스러운 결과를 보여주고 있다. 이분야의 연구는 줄곧 산업입지에 대한 환경규제의 영향에 주목함에 따라 연구의 관점에서 나타나는 변화는 거의 없다.다만 입지변화에 대해 환경규제가 미치는 영향을 포착하기 위해 규제강도와 입지변화를 나타내는 지표를 의미있는 방법으로 계량화하고 관련성을 정확하게 포착하는 데 관심이 집중되었다. 따라서 연구목적에 부합되는 지표선정 및 측정의 문제, 나아가 최소비용접근에 입각한 통계적방법이 지니는 한계 등이 극복되어야 할 과제로 지적될 수 있다.
Abstract
From the 1970s, developed countries began to enforce environmental regulations as the environmentalcrisis was getting worse. It was generally believed that firms competitiveness would be weakened because of theenforced environmental regulations and industrial location would be affected by the environmental regulations whichwere different among regions or countries. The purpose of this study is to review the researches about the relations ofenvironmental regulation and industrial location especially with the research methodology and to show the issues ofthis area. Examined are the industrial-flight hypothesis and the pollution-haven hypothesis derived from the commonnotion in society. At the early years, there was a little evidence of pollution haven differently from the socially acceptedideas. From the late 1980s, however, there was a confusion about the being of pollution haven with a considerablenumber of studies. In this area, studies have focused on the measure of the strength of regulations and the locationalchanges. Therefore the issues of this area were related to the limits of measuring data and least cost approaches basedon the statistical methods.
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