공화주의와 노동문제 - 산업화 시기 영국과 미국을 중심으로
Republicanism and Labor Problems - In the Era of Industrialization of Britain and U.S.A.
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초록
산업화 시기 영국과 미국의 공화주의자들 가운데 정치적 개혁을 넘어 노동 계급의 사회적 불행에 주목하는 인물들이 나타났다. 영국의 존 텔월과 미국의 노동기사단 지도자들이 그 대표적 인물이다. 그들은 자본주의적 부의 축적은 필연적으로 자본가와 임금 노동자 사이의 경제적 주종 관계를 야기하고 그것은 정치 사회적 권력 관계를 구축해 급기야는 시민적 평등과 공동체를 파괴하리라고 비판했다. 그렇게 되면 자본가들과 그들과 유착한 소수 지배층의 사적 부분적 이익에 의해 국가는 운영되며 예종의 사슬은 더욱 강고하게 나머지 다수를 죄어 갈 것이었다. 이러한 관점에서 그들은 국가가 진정한 의미의 ‘공공의 것’으로서 공화국이 되기 위해서는 어떻게든 이 예종의 사슬의 근원인 경제적 불평을 해소해야 한다고 주장했다. 그렇다고 해서 그들이 후대의 사회주의자들처럼 생산 수단의 공유화를 추구하지는 않았다. 그들은 어디까지나 공화주의적 전통 안에서 시민적 평등을 유지하기 위해 재부의 독과점을 막을 수 있는 재부의 균등 분배를 모색했다. 텔월은 이를 자본과 노동의 동반자 관계를 구축함으로써, 노동기사단은 노동의 성격을 임금 노동에서 노동자들의 상호의존적 협동 생산체제를 지향하는 자유 노동으로 전환함으로써 가능하다고 보았다.
Abstract
In the era of industrialization among British and American republican activists appeared radical intellectuals whose critiques focused upon more of labor problems of general poverty and inequality than political problems of corruption and institutional inequity. John Thelwall and the leaders of Knights of Labor represented Britain and America respectively. They criticized against capitalistic accumulation based on wage labor system as the very source of social and economic inequality which destroyed civic values of community by making relationship between capital employer and labor employee another kind of feudal servitude. They attacked vehemently the liberal assumption of free contract between capitalists and labors through the medium of wage. They insisted that the contract was not free one because two parties were unequal agencies structurally in the capitalistic power relation. In this context they lamented that the devil of inequality at last devastated 'res publica' by draining independent and virtuous citizenry. While, as a solution, Thelwall suggested partnership between capital and labor which distribute productive advantages proportionally, the leaders of Knights of labor free labor of cooperative production and distribution among labors.
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