로마 공화정 초기 호민관의 기원과 발전
The Origin and Evolution of the Tribunate in the Early Roman Republic
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호민관은 다른 고대 도시국가에서는 유례가 없는 로마만의 특별한 정무관으로, 체계적⋅종합적인 연구가 필요하다. 본고는 그것의 첫 번째 단계로 공화정 초기(기원전 494년∼287년) 호민관의 기원과 발전을 탐색한다. 이 연구주제는 고대 로마 역사가들도 많은 관심을 가졌었다. 하지만 그들의 서술은 세부사항이 상이할 뿐만 아니라 다수의 시대착오적인 이야기들로 가득했다. 그것은 초기의 역사적 사건들이 후대의 정치적 상황 및 역사관에 맞게 계속 수정되고 윤색되었기 때문이다. 공화정 초기의 역사 특히 호민관 역사를 재구성하는 것이 거의 불가능해 보이는 이유이다. 지나친 비판과 회의보다는 문헌 사료의 종합적인 분석을 통해, 공화정 초기 호민관의 기원과 발전의 역사성을 재고해보아야 한다. 평민이 귀족에 대항해서 집단적인 철수의 방법 등을 이용하여 자신들만의 기구를 조직할 기회를 잡았던 것은 분명하다. 그럼에도 불구하고 호민관과 평민회는 강경파 귀족이 인정하길 꺼렸던 법적 영역 밖에 있는 기구에 불과했다. 하지만 호민관은 신성법에 의해 보장받은 신체불가침권을 기반으로 도움이 절실한 평민에게 도움(auxilium)을 제공할 수 있었다. 무엇보다도 비토권, 사법권, 입법권 등의 권한들을 획득함으로써, 공화정체의 주요 부분으로 수용되었다. 물론 그 과정은 고대의 사료들이 보여주고 있는 것보다 더 점진적이었고 후대에 가서야 비로소 완성되었다. 기원전 287년경의 호르텐시우스 법은 그 기나긴 과정의 마지막 결과였다. ‘평민의 결의’가 법적 효력을 자동으로 획득함으로써, 평민회는 평민 정무관을 선출하는 업무 외에도 입법 및 사법 기구로서 국가의 정책 결정 과정에서 중요한 역할을 담당하게 되었다. 무엇보다도 평민회를 소집하고 주재하는 권한을 보유한 호민관은 로마 정체의 정규 정무관으로 완전하게 자리매김하게 되었다. 공화정 초기에 관한 고대의 연대기들과 현대 학자들은 호민관의 기원과 발전을 보통 신분 투쟁의 맥락에서 설명한다. 호민관의 선출과 평민회의 설치가 귀족 지배의 정치구조를 거부하고 평민만의 조직을 구성했다는 점에서, 신분 투쟁은 평민조직의 역사를 이해하는 데 여전히 중요한 준거 틀이다. 하지만 이른바 평민운동의 궁극적인 목적이 로마의 정치⋅경제적 구조를 근본적으로 개혁하려는 것이 아니었다는 사실은 호민관의 역사를 신분 투쟁의 맥락에서만 설명해서는 안 됨을 암시한다. 호르텐시우스 법이 고대의 연대기에 역사적 흔적을 남기지 않았다는 사실도 이를 방증한다. 따라서 공화정 초기 호민관의 역사는 신분 투쟁이란 정치적 측면에서뿐만 아니라 호민관이 정체의 한 부분으로 수용되는 과정이라는 행정적인 측면에서도 설명되어야만 한다.
Abstract
A systematic and comprehensive study is necessary to understand the tribunes of the plebs, which was a very peculiar magistracy of Rome unparalleled to that of other ancient city-states. The aim of this article is to investigate the origin and development of the plebeian tribunes in the early Roman Republic (494-287 BC). This was also one of the main interests of the early Roman historians. However, much of their narratives of the tribunate not only reveal inconsistencies in detail, but also contain several anachronistic stories. It is probably because many accounts were modified and elaborated by a process of constant interpretation and reappraisal to suit later political situations and historical viewpoints. This is why it is impossible to reconstruct the history of the tribunate of the plebs. But hyper-criticism hinders one from arriving at a reasonable narrative. It is necessary to reconsider the historicity of the origin and development of the plebeian tribunes by reinterpreting systematically and comprehensively the whole range of the literary sources. It is certain that the plebs held the opportunity to organize their own institutions by using various means such as withdrawing from the city en mass against the patricians. Nevertheless, the tribunate and the plebeian assembly were no more than an extra-legal body which the hard-line patricians were reluctant to admit. However, the tribunes could provide auxilium (help) in response to a formal appeal for active help from any plebeians by depending on their sacrosanctitas (sacrosanctity) which was upheld by a lex sacrata. In addition, they were incorporated into the Roman constitution by acquiring the rights of intervention, jurisdiction, legislation. The process of such incorporation took place gradually than many ancient historical materials described and was completed in later eras. The lex Hortensia was the last outcome of that long process. The plebeian resolutions achieved automatic general legal validity, and the plebeian assembly, along with traditional duties concerning the election of plebeian magistrates, was allowed to take an active part in the process of governmental decision making as a legislative and judicial organization. Above all, the tribunate of the plebs with duty for calling and presiding over the concilium plebis was firmly established as a regular magistracy in the Roman constitution Both the ancient annalists and the modern historians give an explanation of the origin and development in the context of the ‘Struggle of the Orders.’ In that the plebeians organized their own institutions against the original political structure monopolized by the patricians, the ‘Struggle of the Orders’ is still an important basis to understand the history of the plebeian institutions. However, the fact that the so-called the plebeian movement was not to bring about drastic reform of the political and economic structure of ancient Rome could also imply that the tribunician history should not be explained only in the context of the ‘Struggle of the Orders.’ This is upheld by the fact that the Hortensian law did not leave a historical trace in the ancient narratives. The history of the tribunes of the plebs should be understood in an administrative aspect of a process of being incorporated into the Roman constitution as well as a political one of the ‘Struggle of the Orders.’
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