Effects of Particulate Matter Exposure on the Eustachian Tube and Middle Ear Mucosa of Rats
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Objectives. Particulate matter (PM) is a risk factor for various diseases. Recent studies have established an association be-tween otitis media (OM) and PM exposure. To confirm this relationship, we developed a novel exposure model de-signed to control the concentration of PM, and we observed the effects of PM exposure on the Eustachian tube (ET)and middle ear mucosa of rats. Methods. Forty healthy, 10-week-old, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3-day, 7-day, 14-day exposure, and con-trol groups (each, n =10). The rats were exposed to incense smoke as the PM source for 3 hours per day. After expo-sure, bilateral ETs and mastoid bullae were harvested, and histopathological findings were compared using microsco-py and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosisfactor-α, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the middle ear mucosa of each group were compared us-ing real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results. In the ET mucosa of the exposure group, the goblet cell count significantly increased after PM exposure (P =0.032). In the middle ear mucosa, subepithelial space thickening, increased angio-capillary tissue, and inflammatory cell infil-tration were observed. Moreover, the thickness of the middle ear mucosa in the exposure groups increased comparedto the control group (P <0.01). The TEM findings showed PM particles on the surface of the ET and middle ear muco-sa, and RT-PCR revealed that messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IL-1β significantly increased in the 3-day and7-day exposure groups compared to the control group (P =0.035). VEGF expression significantly increased in the7-day exposure group compared to the control and 3-day exposure groups (P <0.01). Conclusion. The ET and middle ear mucosa of rats showed histopathologic changes after acute exposure to PM that directlyreached the ET and middle ear mucosa. Therefore, acute exposure to PM may play a role in the development of OM.
Abstract
Objectives. Particulate matter (PM) is a risk factor for various diseases. Recent studies have established an association be-tween otitis media (OM) and PM exposure. To confirm this relationship, we developed a novel exposure model de-signed to control the concentration of PM, and we observed the effects of PM exposure on the Eustachian tube (ET)and middle ear mucosa of rats. Methods. Forty healthy, 10-week-old, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3-day, 7-day, 14-day exposure, and con-trol groups (each, n =10). The rats were exposed to incense smoke as the PM source for 3 hours per day. After expo-sure, bilateral ETs and mastoid bullae were harvested, and histopathological findings were compared using microsco-py and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosisfactor-α, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the middle ear mucosa of each group were compared us-ing real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results. In the ET mucosa of the exposure group, the goblet cell count significantly increased after PM exposure (P =0.032). In the middle ear mucosa, subepithelial space thickening, increased angio-capillary tissue, and inflammatory cell infil-tration were observed. Moreover, the thickness of the middle ear mucosa in the exposure groups increased comparedto the control group (P <0.01). The TEM findings showed PM particles on the surface of the ET and middle ear muco-sa, and RT-PCR revealed that messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IL-1β significantly increased in the 3-day and7-day exposure groups compared to the control group (P =0.035). VEGF expression significantly increased in the7-day exposure group compared to the control and 3-day exposure groups (P <0.01). Conclusion. The ET and middle ear mucosa of rats showed histopathologic changes after acute exposure to PM that directlyreached the ET and middle ear mucosa. Therefore, acute exposure to PM may play a role in the development of OM.
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