告知札과 牓示를 통해 본 고대일본의 문서행정과 民
The General Public and Administration through Writing in Ancient Japan: And Examination of the Kojich'al(告知札) and Pangsi(？示)
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Abstract
This study investigates on the interchange between the official administration and the general public through an examination of the kojich'al, a bulletin board system that is in continued usage today, related pangsi(牓示) policies on public announcements, and the legal foundations behind them. The government first directed public announcements to the general populace using kojich'al and pangsi after the 8th century. The timing is of great importance since it corresponds to the period when the government attempted to rule the public through texts. The kojich'al enabled the government to inform a largely illiterate public through local leaders(田領) who would read the announcements out loud to an audience. In this manner, government administration consisted of a double layered structure of written and spoken communications where local leaders served as a medium in the main framework of popular rule in ancient Japan.