북한이탈가정 자녀학대 및 방임의 위험요인
Risk Factors of Child Maltreatment Among North Korean Refugee Families
0
조회
0
다운로드
9
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 연구는 북한이탈가정의 자녀학대 및 방임의 위험요인이 무엇인지 확인하고 이에 대한 사회복지적 함의를 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 18세 이하의 자녀를 둔 북한이탈주민 158명을 대상으로 설문조사 후 빈도분석과 포아송 회귀분석(Poisson regression)을 실시하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 북한이탈주민의 정서학대, 신체학대, 방임 등의 가해 비율은 남한에 비해 높은 수준이었다. 둘째, 북한이탈주민 보호자의 나이는 신체학대와 방임, 장기간의 남한 거주는 중한 신체학대, 낮은 가구 소득은 정서학대에 영향을 주는 것으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 보호자의 우울은 중한 신체학대와 방임의 위험요인이었으나, 보호자의 외상 후 스트레스 장애는 통계적으로 유의미한 영향이 없었다. 넷째, 보호자의 사회적 스트레스는 정서학대와 경미한 신체학대의 위험요인이었다. 다섯째, 보호자의 성장기 학대피해 경험은 모든 유형의 자녀 학대의 위험요인이었으며, 이는 폭력의 세대전이 이론을 지지하고 있었다. 이 결과를 토대로 북한이탈주민에 대한 학대예방교육이 남한 이주 초기에 이루어져야 하며, 자녀를 둔 북한이탈주민의 사회적 스트레스에 대응할 수 있는 사례관리 서비스의 필요성을 제시하였고, 우울에 대한 개입을 위해서 정신건강 서비스의 확대 및 연계가 필요하며, 나아가 자녀학대 및 방임 예방을 위해서 북한이탈주민의 궁극적인 자립 및 정착 대책이 필요함을 제시하였다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to identify the risk factors of child maltreatment among North Korean refugees in South Korea and suggest the social welfare implications. As methods, a self-report surveys are completed by 158 North Korean refugees who care children under 18 years old, descriptive analysis and Poisson regression are conducted. As results, (1)the rate of child maltreatment among North Korean refugee families is higher than South Korean families, (2)respondents' age is related to psychological, physical abuse and neglect, period of living in South Korea is positively related to severe physical assault, low income is related to psychological abuse, (3)depression is related to severe physical abuse and neglect; however PTSD is not related to any types of child maltreatment, (4)life stress positively affects psychological abuse and minor physical assault, and (5)the maltreated experience of care giver is related to every types of child maltreatment which supports "the cycle of violence" theory. Based on these results, implications are suggested. First, the education for child maltreatment prevention should be provided to North Korean refugees as they immigrate. Second, case management services are in need for North Korean refugees to cope with their life stress which they experience in South Korea. Third, mental health services should be expanded and the accessibility also should be easy.
참고문헌 (89)
- 강란혜, "탈북 아동과 부모를 위한 남한사회에서의 심리사회적 적응프로그램 효과", 한국지역사회복지학, (27), pp.173~193 (2008), 한국지역사회복지학회
- 김연희, "북한이탈주민 정신건강 문제 유병율과 영향요인: 2007년 입국자 중심으로", 통일정책연구, 19(2), pp.141~174 (2010), 통일연구원
- 김현경, "남북한 이문화 부부의 적응에 관한 연구 -남한주민과 결혼한 북한출신 배우자의 부부 적응에 대한 인식을 중심으로-", 한국가족관계학회지, 15(1), pp.41~69 (2010), 한국가족관계학회
- 김현경, "북한이탈주민의 결혼행복감에 관한 연구", 사회과학연구, 38(1), pp.1~31 (2012), 사회과학연구원[DOI]
- 박정란, "탈북여성 결혼의 젠더구조와 문화적응 고찰: 정체성·경제·건강수준을 중심으로", 사회과학연구, 35(2), pp.39~63 (2011), 사회과학연구소
- 2010년 전국아동학대현황보고서, "보건복지부", ~ (2011)
- 안인해, "김정일체제의 경제와 여성", 한국정치학회보, 35(2), pp.225~240 (2001)
- 안지영, "북한 가정생활에서의 여성상 연구 -2000년대 북한 영화 분석을 중심으로-", 통일인문학논총, 51, pp.233~261 (2011), 인문학연구원
- 양정훈, "북한(사회)의 폭력성이 새터민의 남한사회 적응에 미치는 영향", 한국정책과학학회보, 9(4), pp.607~630 (2005), 한국정책과학학회
- 양정훈, "북한사회의 폭력성이 새로운 환경적응에 미치는 영향", 한국행정학회 학술대회 발표논문집, pp.1139~1159 (2007)
- 엄미선, "저소득 한부모 가족의 양육부담과 사회적 지지", 사회복지리뷰, 11, pp.75~108 (2006)
- 엄태완, "북한이탈 주민의 우울과 사회적 문제해결능력 및 사회적 지지와의 관계", 정신보건과 사회사업, (18), pp.5~32 (2004), 한국정신보건사회복지학회
- 2010년 가정폭력 실태조사, "여성가족부", ~ (2010)
- 유양, "학령기 아동이 지각한 부모의 양육태도, 사회적 지지가 자기효능감과 스트레스에 미치는 영향-한국과 중국 아동의 비교", Child Health Nursing Research, 16(4), pp.334~343 (2010), 아동간호학회
- 윤지혜, "탈북청소년의 외상 이후 성장(PTG) 체험연구 - 탈북대학생을 중심으로 -", 청소년학연구, 17(12), pp.49~82 (2010), 한국청소년학회
- 이기영, "탈북자 가족 구성원의 가족관계 인식에 관한 조사연구-탈북자 가구주 및그 배우자의 인식을 중심으로", 한국사회복지학, 41(11), pp.243~271 (2001)
- 이봉주, "가족빈곤과 가족구조가 아동학대와 방임에 미치는 영향", 아동과 권리, 11(3), pp.333~359 (2007), 한국아동권리학회
- 이재곤, "대규모 탈북자 문제에 대한 국제법적 대응", 법학연구, 12(1), pp.73~110 (2001)
- 이화진, "탈북여성의 이주경험을 통한 정체성 변화과정: 북한, 중국, 한국에서의 이성 관계를 중심으로", 여성학연구, 21(3), pp.173~211 (2011), 여성연구소
- 북한이탈주민 패널 연구: 2007년 남한 입국자들의 경제적 적응을 중심으로, "전우택", 통일부, ~ (2009)
- 조영아, "북한이탈주민의 우울 예측 요인: 3년 추적 연구", 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 17(2), pp.467~484 (2005), 한국상담심리학회
- 최지선, "발달장애인 어머니가 지각하는 사회적 지지, 평생계획,양육부담감 간의 관계검증", 사회복지연구, 40(4), pp.41~71 (2009), 한국사회복지연구회
- 통일부., "북한이탈주민 정착지원 업무 실무 편람", 통일부, ~ (2012)
- 홍미, "아동학대 및 방임실태와 정책과제", 보건복지포럼, 6, pp.47~59 (2007)
- 홍창형, "북한이탈주민의 외상후스트레스장애에 대한 3년 추적연구", 석사, pp.2004
- American Psychiatric Association, "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder: DSM-Ⅳ-TR" (2000), American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc
- Ajdukovic, M., "Psychological well-being of refugee children", Child Abuse & Neglect, 17(6), pp.843~854 (1993)
- Almqvist, K., "Mental health and social adjustment in young refugee children y 3½ years after their arrival in Sweden", Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(6), pp.723~730 (1999)
- Barudy, J., "A programme of mental health for political refugees: Dealing with the invisible pain of political exile", Social Science & Medicine, 28(7), pp.715~727 (1989)
- Belsky, J., "Etiology of child maltreatment: A developmental and ecological analysis", Psychological Bulletin, 114(3), pp.413~ (1993)
- Berger, L. M., "Income, family structure, and child maltreatment risk", Children and Youth Services Review, 26(8), pp.725~748 (2004)
- Brown, J., "A longitudinal analysis of risk factors for child maltreatment: Findings of a 17-year prospective study of officially recorded and self-reported child abuse and neglect", Child Abuse & Neglect, 22(11), pp.1065~1078 (1998)
- Carlson, M. J., "Family structure, father involvement, and adolescent behavioral outcomes", Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(1), pp.137~154 (2006)
- Catani, C., "Family violence, war, and natural disasters: A study of the effect of extreme stress on children's mental health in Sri Lanka", BMC psychiatry, 8(1), pp.33~ (2008)
- Catani, C., "War trauma, child labor, and family violence: Life adversities and PTSD in a sample of school children in Kabul", Journal of traumatic stress, 22(3), pp.163~171 (2009)
- Catani, C., "Beyond individual war trauma: domestic violence against children in Afghanistan and Sri Lanka", Journal of marital and family therapy, 34(2), pp.165~176 (2008)
- Chang, J., "Child abuse and neglect in Cambodian refugee families: characteristics and implications for practice", Child Welfare, 87(1), pp.20~ (2008)
- Coohey, C., "maltreatment: Testing the social isolation hypothesis", Child Abuse & Neglect, 20(3), pp.241~254 (1996)
- Cox, C. E., "A longitudinal study of modifying influences in the relationship between domestic violence and child maltreatment", Journal of Family Violence, 18(1), pp.5~17 (2003)
- Dean, A., "The stress-buffering role of social support", Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 165(6), pp.403~417 (1977)
- Edwards, V. J., "Relationship between multiple forms of childhood maltreatment and adult mental health in community respondents: results from the adverse childhood experiences study", American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(8), pp.1453~1460 (2003)
- Egeland, B., "Intergenerational continuity of abuse, In Child abuse and neglect: Biosocial dimensions", pp.255~276 (1987), Aldine
- Ertem, I. O., "Intergenerational continuity of child physical abuse: how good is the evidence?", The Lancet, 356(9232), pp.814~819 (2000)
- Finkelhor, D., "Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: Prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors", Child Abuse & Neglect, 14(1), pp.19~28 (1990)
- Finkelhor, D., "Trends in childhood violence and abuse exposure: evidence from 2 national surveys", Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 164(3), pp.238~ (2010)
- Garbarino, J., "High-risk neighborhoods and high-risk families: The human ecology of child maltreatment", Child Development, 51(1), pp.188~198 (1980)
- Gelles, R. J., "Child abuse and violence in single‐parent families: Parent absence and economic deprivation", American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 59(4), pp.492~501 (1989)
- Gelles, R. J., "Poverty and violence toward children" (1992), American Behavioral Scientist
- Gershoff, E. T., "Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: A meta-analytic and theoretical review", Psychological Bulletin, 128(4), pp.539~ (2002)
- Glenn, D. M., "and hostility among families of Vietnam veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder", Violence and Victims, 17(4), pp.473~489 (2002)
- Gold, P. B., "Trauma exposure, resilience, social support, and PTSD construct validity among former prisoners of war", Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35(1), pp.36~42 (2000)
- Gracia, E., "Social isolation from communities and child maltreatment: A cross-cultural comparison", Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(2), pp.153~168 (2003)
- Guterman, N. B., "The role of fathers in risk for physical child abuse and neglect: possible pathways and unanswered questions", Child Maltreatment, 10(2), pp.136~149 (2005)
- Hjern, A., "Organized violence and mental health of refugee children in exile: a six‐섰year follow‐up", Acta Paediatrica, 89(6), pp.722~727 (2000)
- Holmes, T., "Introduction to life-stress scale", Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 37, pp.1239~1243 (1967)
- Hong, J. S., "Understanding Vietnamese youth gangs in America: An ecological systems analysis", Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(4), pp.253~260 (2010)
- Hussey, J. M., "Child maltreatment in the United States: prevalence, risk factors, and adolescent health consequences", Pediatrics, 118(3), pp.933~942 (2006)
- Kaplan, S. J., "Child and adolescent abuse and neglect research: A review of the past 10 years. Part I: Physical and emotional abuse and neglect", Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38(10), pp.1214~1222 (1999)
- Kotelchuck, M., "Child abuse and neglect: Prediction and misclassification, In Child abuse prediction: Policy implications", pp.67~104 (1982), Ballinger
- Le, T. N., "The relationship of school, parent, and peer contextual factors with self-reported delinquency for Chinese, Cambodian, Laotian or Mien, and Vietnamese youth", Crime & Delinquency, 51(2), pp.192~219 (2005)
- Lee, S. J., "Fathers, physical child abuse, and neglect", Child Maltreatment, 14(3), pp.227~231 (2009)
- Lee, S. J., "Risk factors for paternal physical child abuse", Child Abuse and Neglect, 32(9), pp.846~858 (2008)
- Long, P. D. P., "The dream shattered: Vietnamese gangs in America" (1997), Northeastern Univ Pr
- Maxfield, M. G., "The cycle of violence: Revisited 6 years later", Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 150(4), pp.390~ (1996)
- McGee, R. A., "Multiple maltreatment experiences and adolescent behavior problems: Adolescents' perspectives", Development and Psychopathology, 9(1), pp.131~149 (1997)
- McGuigan, W. M., "The predictive impact of domestic violence on three types of child maltreatment", Child Abuse & Neglect, 25(7), pp.869~883 (2001)
- Ney, P. G., "The worst combinations of child abuse and neglect", Child Abuse & Neglect, 18(9), pp.705~714 (1994)
- Osgood, D. W., "Poisson-based regression analysis of aggregate crime rates", Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16(1), pp.21~43 (2000)
- Polansky, N. A., "The psychological ecology of the neglectful mother", Child Abuse & Neglect, 9(2), pp.265~275 (1985)
- Powell, S., "Posttraumatic growth after war: A study with former refugees and displaced people in Sarajevo", Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(1), pp.71~83 (2003)
- Radloff, L. S., "the Ces-D scale", Applied psychological measurement, 1(3), pp.385~401 (1977)
- Rhee, S., "Child maltreatment among immigrant Vietnamese families: characteristics and implications for practice", Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 29, pp.85~101 (2011)
- Scudder, R. G., "Important links between child abuse, neglect, and delinquency", International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 37(4), pp.315~ (1993)
- Third national incidence study of child abuse and neglect: Final report, "Sedlak, A.", US Dept. of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, ~ (1996)
- Simons, R. L., "Intergenerational transmission of harsh parenting", Developmental psychology, 27(1), pp.159~ (1991)
- YOO JOAN PAEK, "Understanding the risks of child neglect: An exploration of poverty and parenting characteristics", CHILD MALTREATMENT, 9(4), pp.395~408, SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC
- Solomon, Z., "The effect of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder on the family. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes", Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 51(3), pp.323~329 (1988)
- Spencer, J. H., "Parent refugee status, immigration stressors, and Southeast Asian youth violence", Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 8(4), pp.359~368 (2006)
- Steele, B. F., "Psychodynamic and biological factors in child maltreatment, In The battered child" (2000), University of Chicago Press
- Straker, G., "Post-traumatic stress disorder: A reaction to state-supported child abuse and neglect", Child Abuse & Neglect, 12(3), pp.383~395 (1988)
- Straus, M. A., "Stress and physical child abuse", Child Abuse & Neglect, 4(2), pp.75~88 (1980)
- Straus, M. A., "Identification of child maltreatment with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales: Development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents", Child Abuse & Neglect, 22(4), pp.249~270 (1998)
- Tedeschi, R. G., "The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma", Journal of traumatic stress, 9(3), pp.455~471 (1996)
- Thoits, P. A., "Stress, coping, and social support processes: Where are we? What next?", Journal of health and social behavior, 35, pp.53~79 (1995)
- Trickett, P. K., "The developmental impact of different forms of child abuse and neglect", Developmental Review, 15(3), pp.311~337 (1995)
- Whipple, E. E., "The role of parental stress in physically abusive families", Child Abuse & Neglect, 15(3), pp.279~291 (1991)
- Widom, C. S., "The cycle of violence", Science, 244(4901), pp.160~166 (1989)
- Wolock, I., "Child maltreatment as a social problem: The neglect of neglect", American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 54(4), pp.530~543 (1984)
- Zuravin, S., "Normative and child-maltreating AFDC mothers", Social Casework, 70(2), pp.76~84 (1989)
