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Schore의 현대애착이론과 Fonagy의 현대정신분석의 시사점

Implications of A. Schore’s Modern Attachment Theory and P. Fonagy’s Modern Psychoanalysis

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초록

본 연구에서는 A. Schore의 현대애착이론과 P. Fonagy의 현대정신분석을 중심으로 현대애착이론과 현대정신분석에서 생애 초기 인간발달을 설명하는 이론적 개념을 요약적으로 제시하며, 신경생물학적 기반과, 치료에의 적용 방향을 논의하였다. 우선, 정신분석에 Bowlby의 애착이론을 통합한 Fonagy의 정신화에 기반한 현대정신분석과 Schore가 신경생물학과 통합하여 확장한 현대애착이론에서 설명하는 영유아기 인간발달을 비교하여 설명하였다. 그리고 신경생물학적 연구를 기반으로, Fonagy의 정신화와 Schore의 우뇌-우뇌 소통의 중추신경계와 자율신경계를 포괄하는 신경생물학적 기반을 설명하였다. 마지막으로 두 학자가 함께 강조하고 있는 애착 외상의 병리적 발달 경로에 대해 소개하였다. 영유아의 애착 관계 경험은 안정 애착이든 불안정 애착이든 연성탄력적(malleable)인 영유아의 두뇌에 지워지지 않게(indelibly) 각인(imprint)된다. 이 시기에 학대와 방임과 같은 심각한 애착 외상을 경험한 영유아는 비조직형 불안정 애착의 신경 회로가 두뇌에 각인될 가능성이 높고, 이것은 영유아를 해리성 방어에 취약하게 만든다. 이러한 해리성 경험의 누적은 성격화되어, 경계성 양상의 성격적 발현으로 이어질 수 있다. 이제 심리상담 치료 장면에서 ‘애착 외상-비조직형 불안정 애착-해리성 경향-경계성 성격 양상’으로 이어지는 병리적 발달 경로에 대한 더 많은 관심과 연구가 요구된다.

Abstract

This study delves into the modern attachment theory of A. Schore and the modern psychoanalysis of P. Fonagy, focusing on theoretical concepts that elucidate early human development, their neurobiological substrates, and their potential applications in treatment. First, a comparison is drawn between Schore’s neurobiologically expanded theory and Fonagy’s mentalization based theory. Second, the neural substrates of ‘mentalization’ and ‘right brain-right brain communication’ are explained. Lastly, the psychopathological pathway of attachment trauma is introduced. Attachment experiences, whether secure or insecure, become indelibly imprinted in an infant’s developing malleable brain. Infants subjected to attachment trauma, such as abuse or neglect, face an elevated likelihood of developing disorganized attachment neural circuits, which may contribute to vulnerability to dissociation. Cumulative experiences of this may lead to the characterological expression of borderline phenomena. The psychopathological pathway ‘attachment trauma-type D insecure attachment-dissociative tendency-borderline personality pattern’ emerges as a focal point for treatment consideration.

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