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CD4+ cytotoxic T cells: an emerging effector arm of anti-tumor immunity

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While CD8+ cytotoxic T cells have long been considered theprimary effector in controlling tumors, the involvement of CD4+“helper” T cells in anti-tumor immunity has been underappreciated. The investigations of intra-tumoral T cells, fueled by therecent advances in genomic technologies, have led to a rethinkingof the indirect role of CD4+ T cells that have traditionallybeen described as a “helper”. Accumulating evidence frompreclinical and clinical studies indicates that CD4+ T cells canacquire intrinsic cytotoxic properties and directly kill varioustypes of tumor cells in a major histocompatibility complex class II(MHC-II)-dependent manner, as opposed to the indirect “helper”function, thus underscoring a potentially critical contributionof CD4+ cytotoxic T cells to immune responses against a widerange of tumor types. Here, we discuss the biological propertiesof anti-tumor CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic capability and highlightthe emerging observations suggesting their more significantrole in anti-tumor immunity than previously appreciated.

Abstract

While CD8+ cytotoxic T cells have long been considered theprimary effector in controlling tumors, the involvement of CD4+“helper” T cells in anti-tumor immunity has been underappreciated. The investigations of intra-tumoral T cells, fueled by therecent advances in genomic technologies, have led to a rethinkingof the indirect role of CD4+ T cells that have traditionallybeen described as a “helper”. Accumulating evidence frompreclinical and clinical studies indicates that CD4+ T cells canacquire intrinsic cytotoxic properties and directly kill varioustypes of tumor cells in a major histocompatibility complex class II(MHC-II)-dependent manner, as opposed to the indirect “helper”function, thus underscoring a potentially critical contributionof CD4+ cytotoxic T cells to immune responses against a widerange of tumor types. Here, we discuss the biological propertiesof anti-tumor CD4+ T cells with cytotoxic capability and highlightthe emerging observations suggesting their more significantrole in anti-tumor immunity than previously appreciated.

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