Dynamics of nucleosomes and chromatin fibers revealed by single-molecule measurements
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The nucleosome is the fundamental structural unit of chromosomefibers. DNA wraps around a histone octamer to forma nucleosome while neighboring nucleosomes interact to formhigher-order structures and fit gigabase-long DNAs into a smallvolume of the nucleus. Nucleosomes interrupt the access oftranscription factors to a genomic region and provide regulatorycontrols of gene expression. Biochemical and physicalcues stimulate wrapping-unwrapping and condensation-decondensationdynamics of nucleosomes and nucleosomearrays. Nucleosome dynamics and chromatin fiber organizationare influenced by changes in the ionic background within thenucleus, post-translational modifications of histone proteins,and DNA sequence characteristics, such as histone-bindingmotifs and nucleosome spacing. Biochemical and biophysicalmeasurements, along with in silico simulations, have beenextensively used to study the regulatory effects on chromatindynamics. In particular, single-molecule measurements haverevealed novel mechanistic details of nucleosome and chromatindynamics. This minireview elucidates recent findings on chromatindynamics from these approaches.
Abstract
The nucleosome is the fundamental structural unit of chromosomefibers. DNA wraps around a histone octamer to forma nucleosome while neighboring nucleosomes interact to formhigher-order structures and fit gigabase-long DNAs into a smallvolume of the nucleus. Nucleosomes interrupt the access oftranscription factors to a genomic region and provide regulatorycontrols of gene expression. Biochemical and physicalcues stimulate wrapping-unwrapping and condensation-decondensationdynamics of nucleosomes and nucleosomearrays. Nucleosome dynamics and chromatin fiber organizationare influenced by changes in the ionic background within thenucleus, post-translational modifications of histone proteins,and DNA sequence characteristics, such as histone-bindingmotifs and nucleosome spacing. Biochemical and biophysicalmeasurements, along with in silico simulations, have beenextensively used to study the regulatory effects on chromatindynamics. In particular, single-molecule measurements haverevealed novel mechanistic details of nucleosome and chromatindynamics. This minireview elucidates recent findings on chromatindynamics from these approaches.