Metal–stabilized G–quadruplexes: biological insights and sensing applications
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Repeat sequences account for approximately 45% of the humangenome, and can produce noncanonical DNA secondarystructures that include G–quadruplexes (G4s). Among these,G4s are unique, in that their formation and stability are largelyinfluenced by metal cations, such as Na＋, K＋, Ca2＋, andMg2＋. These cations stabilize G4 structures, while also influencingtheir folding and biological activities. Interactions betweenG4s and metal ions affect key cellular processes thatinclude transcription, replication, and genome stability. Thisreview highlights the structural diversity and functional roles ofG4s, and further explores how their ion-dependent propertieshave been harnessed for applications in biosensing and therapeuticdevelopment. Future research directions to advanceG4-targeted technologies for both diagnostic and clinical useare also discussed.
Abstract
Repeat sequences account for approximately 45% of the humangenome, and can produce noncanonical DNA secondarystructures that include G–quadruplexes (G4s). Among these,G4s are unique, in that their formation and stability are largelyinfluenced by metal cations, such as Na＋, K＋, Ca2＋, andMg2＋. These cations stabilize G4 structures, while also influencingtheir folding and biological activities. Interactions betweenG4s and metal ions affect key cellular processes thatinclude transcription, replication, and genome stability. Thisreview highlights the structural diversity and functional roles ofG4s, and further explores how their ion-dependent propertieshave been harnessed for applications in biosensing and therapeuticdevelopment. Future research directions to advanceG4-targeted technologies for both diagnostic and clinical useare also discussed.