Recent advances in laser-based nano-engineering of tissue scaffolds
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Laser-based fabrication and modification techniques have emerged as powerful tools to engineer tissue scaffolds with micro- and nanoscale precision. Compared with conventional scaffold fabrication, lasers enable contactless, spatially resolved patterning and crosslinking, fine control of porosity and channels, and highresolution deposition of cells and biomolecules. These capabilities improve cell guidance, nutrient transport, angiogenesis, and immunomodulation, and open the way to dynamic scaffolds. This review summarizes the fundamentals of laser-material interactions relevant to soft biomaterials, surveys contemporary laser-based methods, synthesizes biological responses, highlights tissue-specific applications, discusses limitations, and outlines future directions.
Abstract
Laser-based fabrication and modification techniques have emerged as powerful tools to engineer tissue scaffolds with micro- and nanoscale precision. Compared with conventional scaffold fabrication, lasers enable contactless, spatially resolved patterning and crosslinking, fine control of porosity and channels, and highresolution deposition of cells and biomolecules. These capabilities improve cell guidance, nutrient transport, angiogenesis, and immunomodulation, and open the way to dynamic scaffolds. This review summarizes the fundamentals of laser-material interactions relevant to soft biomaterials, surveys contemporary laser-based methods, synthesizes biological responses, highlights tissue-specific applications, discusses limitations, and outlines future directions.