海南 珍山里 窯場 出土 靑瓷의 現況과 特徵

Abstract

Jinsan-ri, Sani-myeon of the Haenam region was the site of multiple kilns that produced a variety of ceramics, including celadon, black-glazed earthenware, and porcelain, during the mid-Goryeo Dynasty. However, it was only in the early 1980s that the region first gained attention as a noteworthy production site of Goryeo ceramics, decades later than other regions, such as Gangjin and Buan. The interest in the celadon kilns in Jinsan-ri grew when a sunken Goryeo-era ship carrying a large shipment of low-grade celadon was salvaged from the seabed off Eodu-ri, Yaksan-myeon of Wando in 1984. In 1991, the first kiln site was excavated in Jinsan-ri, which was kiln site number 17, and revealed a medium-sized kiln built primarily with clay. Low-grade celadons made up the majority of the excavated artifacts from this site, along with earthenware and pottery tools. Some of the celadon ware were decorated using iron-based pigment, providing valuable examples for the research of Cheolhwa celadon (celadon painted with iron-based underglaze). However, despite the recognition that many celadon kilns had existed in the Sanyi-myeon area, few excavations have been conducted up to date. The National Cultural Heritage Research Institute excavated Jinsan-ri kiln site numbers 74 and 20 in 2018 and 2021, respectively, which unveiled valuable information on the celadon ware produced in this area. An examination of the two sites also revealed that the celadon kilns in this area had taken on different sizes and structures over the course of time and had used different tools as well. For instance, the celadon kilns in Jinsan-ri were initially small in size, with a length of about 10 meters, in the early Goryeo period, but by the mid-Goryeo period, they had adopted medium-sized kilns over 20 meters long for producing celadon. The quality of the vessels produced in these kilns had also changed over time, from producing relatively high-quality celadon ware to mass production of low-quality celadon. The celadon ware produced in Jinsan-ri during mid-Goryeo is judged to be cruder than the low-quality celadon produced elsewhere for several reasons. First, they were made of unrefined clay and glaze. Second, they were roughly molded and often poorly finished, and they were baked without a primary bisque firing process. Third, they were not placed in saggars (gapbal, firing boxes) for firing, but were mostly placed on clay supports (dochim or dojimi) and stacked in multiple layers. Furthermore, the celadon kilns of Jinsan-ri excavated to date characteristically lack the low wall (bulteok) built between the combustion chamber and the firing chamber to prevent the heat from the combustion chamber from directly touching the vessels and even out the temperature inside the kiln, which was a common feature of celadon kilns that had been in operation during the mid-Goryeo period. The kilns of Jinsan-ri, lacking this structure, could raise the temperature within the kiln more quickly, which enabled them accelerate their celadon production. In this sense, these kilns seem to have actively responded to the explosive demand for low-grade celadon ware after the mid-Goryeo period by simplifying the techniques and process for producing celadon.