조선 전기 腹藏의 특징

Abstract

The practices of bokjang(腹藏, the enshrinement of votive objects in Buddhist images or deposited votive objects) and jeoman(點眼, the eye-opening of Buddhist images) in Korea were developed and sustained in a completely different manner compared to similar practices in other countries because their related rituals were systemized by Josanggyeong(造像經, Sutras on the Production of Buddhist Images). This paper explores how Josanggyeong systemized and was reflected in the bokjang practices of Korea by focusing on huryeongtong(喉鈴筒, throat-bell containers) from among the early-Joseon bokjang items. First, the paper discusses how the form of a throat-bell container, which was developed before the publication of Josanggyeong by Yongcheonsa Temple in 1575, influenced the style of obobyeong(五寶甁, five treasure bottles). In the early Joseon Dynasty, the form of a throat-bell container and the style of five treasure bottles were not unified, and diverse patterns existed. This diversification is presumed to be a result of Josanggyeong not specifying terms, forms, or styles. Second, the characteristics of early-Joseon bokjang are compared to the binary structure of the lists of five-directional objects presented in the ‘List of Selected Bokjang Items to Be Enshrined’(腹藏入物抄錄) and ‘All the Objects to Be Enshrined’(所入諸色) entries of the “The Ritual of the Bokjang Altar for All the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas”(諸佛菩薩腹藏壇儀式) section of the Josanggyeong as published by Yongcheonsa Temple. The ‘List of Selected Bokjang Items to Be Enshrined’ adopted and reorganized the Goryeo Dynasty-era list of objects placed inside the five treasure bottles. It preceded the newly organized ‘All the Objects to Be Enshrined’ based on the Myogilsang taegyowang gyeong(妙吉祥大敎王經, Sutra on the King of the Great Teaching Which Is Sublime and Auspicious). The list of deposited five-directional objects in early-Joseon bokjang incorporated the binary structure of the lists from the Yongcheonsa Josanggyeong. This incorporation, however, occurred before the publication of the Yongcheonsa Josanggyeong. Third, the paper guesses at how the list of objects related to the directions changed in the early-Joseon bokjang. In the early Joseon Dynasty, sabangju(四 方呪, four directional spells) and obanggyeong(五方鏡, five directional mirrors) emerged, replacing oryunjongja(五輪種子, five-wheel seed syllables) and jinsimjongja(眞心種子, true-mind seed syllables). The five directional mirrors appear to have been the last to be added to the list.