침묵으로서 잠재주도시간의 언어적 특성과 상담 성과:화자 전환 단서와 발언 응집력을 중심으로
The Linguistic Characteristics of Initiative Time Latencyas Silence and the Outcome of Psychotherapy
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잠재주도시간이란 한 화자의 하나의 발언 중간에 발생한 침묵을 의미한다. 이전 연구에서 체험척도로 측정하였을 때 내담자 잠재주도시간은 성공 사례와 실패 사례 모두에서 촉진적으로, 상담자 잠재주도시간은 비촉진적으로 드러났다. 본 연구는 내담자 잠재주도시간과 상담자 잠재주도시간의 즉시적 성과를 발언 응집성이라는 언어학적 특성으로 측정하여 성공 사례와 실패 사례 간에 어떤 차이를 보이는지 살펴보았다. 그런데 침묵 직후의 발언 응집력은 침묵 직전의 발언에 존재하는 화자 전환 단서의 종류와 깊은 관계가 있으므로 내담자와 상담자의 잠재주도시간 직전의 화자 전환 단서의 종류와 직후의 발언 응집력을 함께 고려하였다. 이를 위해 동일 상담자에 의해 30회로 합의종결한 성공, 실패 두 사례에서 내담자 및 상담자의 발언 중간에 존재하는 5초 이상의 침묵을 모두 추려낸 다음, 침묵 직전 발언의 화자 전환 단서 2종류(발언 종결, 발언권 고수)와 침묵 직후 발언의 응집력 세 수준(높은 응집력, 낮은 응집력, 무관 주제)에 따라 빈도와 비율을 내었고 이를 차이검증 하였다. 체험척도로 측정하였을 때 성공 사례와 실패 사례 모두에서 즉시적 성과가 있었던 것으로 나타난 내담자 잠재주도시간이 응집력으로 측정하였을 때는 현저한 차이를 드러냈다. 그리고 응집력의 수준은 침묵 직전 발언의 화자 전환 단서의 종류와 상담 성과에 따라 차이가 있었다. 성공 사례의 내담자는 잠재주도시간 직전에 발언권을 고수한 다음 뿐 아니라 발언을 종결한 다음에도 침묵 후 대부분 높은 응집력을 지닌 발언을 하였다. 그러나 실패 사례의 내담자는 스스로 발언권을 고수한 다음에도 응집력이 낮은 발언이나 무관한 주제를 이야기한 비율이 상대적으로 높았다.
Abstract
The initiative time latency (ITL) is the silence that exists in the middle of one verbalization by one speaker. In a previous study, the client ITL was facilitative and the counselor ITL was non-facilitative when it measured by the client experiencing scale. This study examined the immediate outcome of the client/counselor ITL by measuring the coherence of verbalization in relation to the case outcome, success and failure. The coherence of the verbalization that exists just after the silence has a strong relationship with the category of the turn-taking signals that are included in the verbalizations just before the silence. So the coherence of the verbalization that exists just after the client/counselor ITL must be examined in combine with the category of the turn-taking signals in the verbalizations that exists just before the client/counselor ITL. To do this, we examined one successful case and one unsuccessful case that were managed by one counselor. The cases were continued 30 sessions long with agreed termination. And all the silences that exist in the middle of the clients' and the counselor's verbalizations were extracted. After then the category of the turn-taking signals (verbalization finishing and continuing) included in the verbalizations just before the silences and the level of coherence (high, low, unrelated issues) of the verbalizations just after the silences were coded. The frequencies and the percentages of the silences of each condition were calculated and the differences were tested (χ2). The client ITL of the unsuccessful case which was facilitative by the client experiencing scale was no more facilitative when it was measured by the coherence. And the level of coherence was significantly different between the category of turn-taking signals and the case outcome. For the successful case, most of the client's verbalizations after the ITLs were highly coherent after finishing speaking as well as after giving the signal for continued speaking. But in the unsuccessful case, the percentages of low coherence and unrelated issues were relatively high even after giving the signals for continued speaking.
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