Trends and Future Directions in Leisure Sports Participation: A Systematic Review of Health, Motivation, and Social Engagement
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Purpose: This study systematically examines how three core factors—health, motivation, and social engagement—individually and interactively influence participation and long-term adherence in leisure sports. It further aims to clarify how these factors jointly shape behavioral sustainability within diverse population groups. Research design, data and methodology: A PRISMA-based systematic review was conducted using four major databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, SPORT Discus, Web of Science). A total of 2,150 initial records were screened, with 40 studies meeting the final inclusion and quality criteria. Evidence was synthesized using a standardized template capturing study design, sample characteristics, and key findings. Results: The review reveals that health plays a dual role as both a catalyst and a barrier, with mental health improvements serving as immediate reinforcers for adherence. Motivation—particularly intrinsic and autonomous forms—is the strongest determinant of sustained participation, supported by autonomy-supportive social environments. Social engagement, including social support, norms, and sense of community, consistently enhances participation by lowering practical barriers and fostering group identity. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for multi-dimensional interventions that integrate health accessibility, need-supportive motivational climates, and structured community-building. These strategies are essential for practitioners and policymakers seeking to enhance initiation, satisfaction, and long-term involvement in leisure sports.
Abstract
Purpose: This study systematically examines how three core factors—health, motivation, and social engagement—individually and interactively influence participation and long-term adherence in leisure sports. It further aims to clarify how these factors jointly shape behavioral sustainability within diverse population groups. Research design, data and methodology: A PRISMA-based systematic review was conducted using four major databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, SPORT Discus, Web of Science). A total of 2,150 initial records were screened, with 40 studies meeting the final inclusion and quality criteria. Evidence was synthesized using a standardized template capturing study design, sample characteristics, and key findings. Results: The review reveals that health plays a dual role as both a catalyst and a barrier, with mental health improvements serving as immediate reinforcers for adherence. Motivation—particularly intrinsic and autonomous forms—is the strongest determinant of sustained participation, supported by autonomy-supportive social environments. Social engagement, including social support, norms, and sense of community, consistently enhances participation by lowering practical barriers and fostering group identity. Conclusions: The findings highlight the need for multi-dimensional interventions that integrate health accessibility, need-supportive motivational climates, and structured community-building. These strategies are essential for practitioners and policymakers seeking to enhance initiation, satisfaction, and long-term involvement in leisure sports.