열 가지 재앙에 대한 재고
An Analysis on the Ten Plagues of Egypt
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본 논문은 열 가지 재앙에 대한 타학문 분야의 연구를 소개하고, 문서비평을 통하여 열 가지 재앙의 순서에 대한 원칙을 파악하고자 시도한다. 논문에 의하면 첫째―넷째 재앙은 여름철 나일강의 범람으로 인한 일련의 자연 현상이고, 다섯째―여섯째 재앙은 본래는 첫째―넷째 재앙과 관련이 없었으나 편집자에 의해 셋째―넷째 재앙인 곤충 재앙을 통해 곤충들이 퍼뜨린 질병 재앙인 듯이 순서가 정해진 것이며, 일곱째―아홉째 재앙은 겨울에서 초봄에 이집트에서 간헐적으로 발생하는 기후 현상이다. 마지막 재앙인 장자 재앙은 초봄에 지켜지는 유월절과 관련됨으로 기후적으로 역시 초봄에 발생하는 아홉째 재앙에 이어서 열째 재앙으로 자연스럽게 자리 잡게 된 것이다. 이러한 분석을 통해 출애굽기의 재앙 이야기를 논문에서는 이집트 특유의 자연 현상과 이에 더하여 신명기 본문에서 볼 수 있는 것처럼 질병과 관련하여 고대 이스라엘인들이 이집트에 대해 품고 있었던 시각과 이해의 산물로 해석하고 있다. 열 가지 재앙에 대한 이러한 작업은 P에 의해 이루어진 것으로, 논문에서는 시편 78편과 105편에 나오는 재앙 이야기 구절과 출애굽기의 관련 본문을 비교하면서, 출애굽기의 열 가지 재앙 이야기는 P에 의해 오랜 세월에 걸쳐 여러 차례에 걸친 편집 활동 끝에 최종화 되었다고 결론짓는다.
Abstract
This paper introduces the researches of other academic fields on the ten plagues, and attempts to understand the sequence of the plagues by employing the documentary hypothesis. It is explained throughout the paper that the first four plagues are a series of natural phenomena caused by the flooding of the Nile in the summer, whereas the fifth and sixth plagues are disease plagues spread by insects whose numbers drastically increased due to the flooding of the Nile. As for the seventh to ninth plagues, the paper views it as climatic phenomena that occurs intermittently in Egypt from winter to early spring. Finally, the last plague, that is related to the Passover through the plague of the firstborn, is placed in its current location to be chronologically linked to the ninth plague. Through this analysis, the plague narrative of Exodus is interpreted as a product of understandings on Egypt of the time with regard to diseases, exemplified in Deuteronomy, in addition to natural phenomena unique to Egypt. It is evident that the number of plagues was not ten during the oral transition period. The present form of the text is the result of multiple redactional activities, particularly P. It is evidenced in the plague stories Psalms 78 and 105, which have only seven or eight plagues. Thus, the number of plagues was expanded to ten in Exodus by P, who regarded it as a significant number. In doing so, the insect plague was inflated as the plagues of kinnim and of arob, whereas the disease plague as the plagues of livestock pestilence and of boils. The paper concludes that the present form of the ten plague in Exodus manifests vestiges of P’s editing activities carried out by multiple hands in the course of a long period of time, rather than a single activity by a single hand.
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