동아시아 비구니계율 전래와 수계의 변천

Abstract

This paper deals with how nun's ordination established in India transmitted to East-Asia and how to be changed and be established there. The Ordination of nun's community in India at Buddha's time consists of three steps. Namely, the ordination of Gotamī through the accepting eight strict rules(Gurudhamra), the ordination of five hundred Sakyan women by monks' community and the ordination of women after that time by both bhikṣu Sangha and bhikṣuṇi Sangha. Among three steps the sixth Gurudharma is related with the female probationer(śikṣamāṇā). However the record that the Gotamī and the five hundred Sakyan women spent the time of the female probationer is nowhere. After dividing into two Sanghas the Ordination Ceremony was carried out by both Sanghas and the rule of the female probationer and the novice was established. This so step by step formed nun's ordination transmitted via Sri Lank into China. It is generally accepted that Vinayas of four Buddhist Schools transmitted to China in the early 5th century. Before that time there were monks and nuns,The Chinese buddhist communities might not think to be respectful to and follow them. Because of this problem the monk Dao-an studied and spreaded Vinayas very hard. His Staying in Changan, the center of the transport between China and the western Central Asia, he was in contact with the foreign monks, was participated in Translation and went his best in order to cause to respect and spread Vinayas. It can be seen form the remained texts that the Bhikṣunī-Prātimokṣa and the Bhikṣu-Prātimokṣa were translated in Changan in same year and the monk Dao-an and his friend Chu Ho-Tai translated a majority of them. The process of the ordination of chinese nuns appeared in the first chapter of “Lives of the Nuns" was recorded about the first nun Chu Ching-Chien. But this ordination was not a proper way. It is not the proper ordination by both monk's and nun's Community according to the Dharmagupta's Discipline. It seems that according to Texts remained in Japan, there were bhikṣunī communities in Koguryo or Paekche among three independent kingdoms. After that time the woman recoded to receive ordination officially was a nun Songho. She was admitted ‘Going Forth' in the late Koryo Dynasty and received ordination from ten Acariyas. Like this, the ordination by the Dhamragupta's Vinaya introduced from China to Korea has been transmitted till our time. The first ordained was not a man but a woman named Jensenni. It is said that Jensenni's ordination ceremony was carried out on the help of nuns of Koguryo and Paekche. But, from the Heian period(994-1185) the great Sects appeared. As a result Nun's Communities who should be allowed by the State disappeared. Instate of that, in several sects like T'ien T'ai etc. women had to be received Bodhisattva's Precepts instate of the Dharmagupta's Vinaya. In present, in the japanese ‘the true Pure Land sect' founded by Shinran there are no nuns and women with hairs who could be married are practicing taken only three Refuges and received five Precepts. In the japanese Soto sect founded by Dogen, there are nuns who are practicing taken three Refuges, three Vows and received ten basic Precepts. Women in the T'ien T'ai sect founded Chih-i, the Shingon sect founded by Kukai, the Nichiren sect and the Ninzai sect etc. are normally working received Bodhi- sattva's Precepts of ‘Brahma-net Sutra', the sutra presents Mahayana precepts for Bodhisattvas.