노예와 여성 해방을 위하여 ―미국 노예제폐지운동에서 마티노의 활동을 중심으로―
Emancipation of Slaves and Women ―Harriet Martineau’s Activity in American Anti-Slavery Movement―
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참고문헌
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초록
본고는 해리엇 마티노의 노예제와 ‘여성 문제(Woman Question)’에 대한 담론을 고찰한 것이다. 해리엇 마티노는 1834년부터 36년까지 미국을 여행하였다. 마티노가 평생 동안 관심을 가졌던 쟁점은 사회 주변부에 위치한 여성과 노예였다. 마티노는 미국 사회의 하나의 제도로서 노예제를 조망하고자 하였다. 하지만 마티노가 실제로 목격한 노예의 삶은 민주주의의 가치를 숭상하는 미국 사회의 이념과 모순된 것이었다. 그래서 마티노는 당시 진행되고 있었던 미국의 노예제폐지운동에 동참할 것을 선포하고 이 운동을 이끌었던 윌리엄 개리슨을 비롯하여 여성 노예제폐지론자들과 협력하여 활동하였다. 여기서 주목할 점은 미국의 노예제폐지운동 과정에서 영국과 미국 사이의 깊은 유대를 강화하는 데 마티노가 상당히 공헌했다는 점이다. 그리고 미국의 노예제폐지운동 과정에서 나타난 분열의 양상이 ‘여성 문제’에 의해서 비롯되었다는 것이다. 마티노는 ‘보편적 노예 해방’이라는 목표와 더불어 여성의 공적 영역에서의 활동과 해방을 노예제폐지운동에 포함시켰던 윌리엄 개리슨파를 지지했다. 그런 점에서 마티노에게 미국의 노예제폐지운동은 구속받는 인류의 해방이라는 ‘대의’를 실천하는 과정으로 이해할 수 있다.
Abstract
This article examines Harriet Martineau’s Slavery and ‘Woman question’ discourses, focusing on her works and activities of the 19th century. After finishing the writing of Illustration of Political Economy, she traveled in America from 1834 to 1836. This period reached the peak of Anti-Slavery Movement. Martineau might have been small, plain, deaf, and provincial, yet her reputation as an abolitionist sympathizer preceded her visit to America, a reputation based primarily on her compassionate treatment of the plight of black slaves on a West Indian plantation in the 1832 Illustration of Political Economy tale, "Demerara."She called the situation of this period ‘reign of terror’, ‘martyr age,’ and ‘the great conflict.’ Near the end of her stay she spoke up in a public meeting for the abolitionists of William Lloyd Garrison’s circle and lost much of her welcome in America, since the abolitionists were thought wildly fanatical by many Americans at the time. Martineau was associated with American abolitionists and ‘beloved Americans.’ Above all, she supported and participated in Garrisonions which led William L. Garrison and advocated not only the universal emancipation but also women’s rights. For her, Anti-Slavery Movement in America was the point of dispute related ‘Woman Question’ which involved in women’s human rights, women’s education, and women’s employment in the 19th century. Her contributions to Anti-Slavery Movement in America was lasting and consistent writing against slavery. She wrote articles related slavery issues in the Daily News, The Liberty Bell, Spectator, Once a Week, National Anti-Slavery Standard and so on. Also, She wrote Society in America, Retrospect of Western Travel and the Martyr Age of the United States. The reason she participated in Anti-Slavery Movement in America was the analogy between the woman’s lot and the slave’s. By this, We can know Harriet Martineau played an important role of American Anti-Slavery Movement and established a foothold toward feminism.
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