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코로나바이러스: 사스, 메르스 그리고 코비드-19

Coronaviruses: SARS, MERS and COVID-19

이동섭|Eun-Joong Kim
대한임상검사과학회 (Korean Society for Clinical Laboratory Science)|2020.12|대한임상검사과학회지 (Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science)|제52권 제4호|pp. 297-309|DOI 10.15324/kjcls.2020.52.4.297

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COVID-19SARSMERSCoronavirusViral genome
주제분류기타자연과학

초록

코로나바이러스는 본래 자연동물숙주에 한정된 엔주틱 감염으로 발견되었으나, 이후 일부 종들은 동물-인간 종의 장벽을 넘어 인간에게 주노틱 감염을 확립하기 위해 진행되었다. 이에 따라 이종 간 장벽의 점프로 인해 사스-코로나바이러스, 메르스- 코로나바이러스 그리고 사스- 코로나바이러스2 등의 치명적인인간 바이러스로 나타났다. 코로나바이러스에는 스파이크, 막, 외피 그리고 뉴클레오캡시드 단백질의 4가지 주요 단백질이 함유되어 있다. 코로나바이러스의 복제 주기는 세포 이입, 게놈 번역, 복제, 조립 그리고 방출로 이어진다. 이들은 2002년 중국 광동성 사스-코로나바이러스가 발병하기 전까지 인간에게 고병원성으로 여겨지지 않았다. 그러나 2002년 중증 급성 호흡기 증후군이 세계적으로 8,422명이 발병하고, 치사율이 11%에 이르는 유행병으로 발생했다. 메르스 코로나바이러스는 낙타 코로나바이러스와 연관성이 높다. 2019년 12월 중국 우한에서 발생한 발병으로 2019-nCoV에 감염된 환자의 군집이 확인되었으며, 곧 전 세계로 확산되었다. 2019-nCoV는 호흡기를 통해 전파된 후 심할 경우 폐렴도 유발할 수 있다. 이 바이러스의 확인에는 감염자의 상기호흡기 표본 검체에 기초한 분자진단법이 사용되었다. 이 리뷰에서는 우리는 바이러스의 구조와 유전적 구성뿐 아니라 생명주기, 진단과 잠재적 치료법을 검토하였다.

Abstract

Coronaviruses were originally discovered as enzootic infections that limited to their natural animal hosts, but some strains have since crossed the animal-human species barrier and progressed to establish zoonotic diseases. Accordingly, cross-species barrier jumps resulted in the appearance of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 that manifest as virulent human viruses. Coronaviruses contain four main structural proteins: spike, membrane, envelope, and nucleocapsid protein. The replication cycle is as follows: cell entry, genome translation, replication, assembly, and release. They were not considered highly pathogenic to humans until the outbreaks of SARS-CoV in 2002 in Guangdong province, China. The consequent outbreak of SARS in 2002 led to an epidemic with 8,422 cases, and a reported worldwide mortality rate of 11%. MERS-CoVs is highly related to camel CoVs. In 2019, a cluster of patients infected with 2019-nCoV was identified in an outbreak in Wuhan, China, and soon spread worldwide. 2019-nCoV is transmitted through the respiratory tract and then induced pneumonia. Molecular diagnosis based on upper respiratory region swabs is used for confirmation of this virus. This review examines the structure and genomic makeup of the viruses as well as the life cycle, diagnosis, and potential therapy.

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